BANG! Maailmankaikkeu den historia./Neutriino.
Neutriinot ovat pieniä ja hyvin kevyitä hiukkasia. Niitä syntyy
ydinfuusiossa, jotka toimivat tähtien (esimerkiksi Auringon,
perusydinvoimal an) energian lähteinä. Useiden vuosien ajan neutriinojen
oletettiin olevan massattomia, mutta nykyään tiedetään että niillä on pienen
pieni massa, tosin liian pieni pimeän materian ongelman selittämiseen.
Massan olemassaolo ratkaisi pitkään mieliä askarruttaneen
"neutriino-ongelman", jonka mukaan havaitsimme vähemmän neutriinoja
Auringosta kuin teorian mukaan olisi pitänyt. Pieni massa antaa neutriinon
vaihtua kolmen olomuodon- elektronin, myonin ja tau-neutriinon- välillä sen
tullessa Auringosta maahan.
*Tässä on siis keskeistä tajuta, että kvanttiydinfyys ikkojen neutraaliksi
"aiemmin väärin" ilmoittama ydinvoimalateho kadon 17% neutriinosäteil y
ympäristöbiotoo ppin on myös potentiaaliltaa n siis yllä mainitusti
elektronisäteil yä. Ja kuten on syytä tietää elektronisäteil y tunnetaan
paremmin ns. beettasäteilyn elektronituotok sena! Jälleen huomaamme miten
härskisti ydinala valehtelee aiheesta. Ydinvoimalassa mittareissa näkymätön
neutriinosäteil y läpäisee kaikki säteilysuojat se sen jälkeen muuttujana
synyttää äärimmäisen tuhoisaa beettasäteilyä. Toki sen lisäksi, että
neutriinon osuessa protoniin syntyy 1 000 000eV gammaterssi myös.
Aiemmat havaintolaittee t pystyivät havaitsemaan vain kaikkein kevyintä
tyyppiä. Neutriinojen ilmenemismuotoj en lukumäärä voidaan ennustaa
alkuräjähdysteo riasta. Samalla haastetaan tiukasti teoria, jonka mukaan
maailmanmkaikeu s alkoi kuumassa tiheässä tilassa.
Neutroni.
Atomiytimet koostuvat kahden tyyppisistä hiukkasista, neutroneista ja
protoneista, ja nämä molemmat hiukkastyypit taas koostuvat kolmesta
kvarkista. Neutronit painavat melkein yhtä paljon kuin protonit, mutta ovat
varauksettomia. Supernovaräjähd yksen äärimmäisissä olosuhteissa protonit ja
elektronit voivat yhdistyä ja muodostaa neutroneja, jolloin kuolevan tähden
ytimestä syntyy tiheä neutronitähti. Neutronitähden maksimimassan oletetaan
olevan noin kahdeksan Auringon massaa: tätä suuremmat luhistuisivat mustiksi
aukoiksi.
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