malloc + 4??

[Kevin Torr]

http://www.yep-mm.com/res/soCrypt.c

I have 2 malloc's in my program, and when I write the contents of them to
the screen or to a file, there aren addition 4 characters.

As far as I can tell, both the code to register the malloc and to write
information into the malloc is solid. Why then ismy program returning an
additional 4 characters?

register malloc 1:
line 192

register malloc 2:
line 214

write to malloc 1:
line 200 - 205

write to malloc 2:
line 221 - 225

display malloc 2:
line 157

write malloc 2:
line 251

Here's how you execute the program:

socrypt.exe /e :i input.txt :o output.txt :A keya.txt :B keyb.txt :k
keyout.txt

**note that the input, keya, and keyb files must exist or the program will
return an error code.

If you write a text string into the input.txt file, it will write the same
string into the output.txt file plus an addition 4 characters.

The 1024 char random 'masterkey' is also written out to the keyout.txt file
with an addition 4 characters.

Why is this happening? I'm totally baffled and have spent days trying to
figure this out.

[Joona I Palaste]

Old Wolf <ol*****@inspir e.net.nz> scribbled the following:

Joona I Palaste <pa*****@cc.hel sinki.fi> wrote:

Alberto Giménez <al****@telelin e.es> scribbled:
Joona I Palaste escribió:

>> People here might know next to nothing about Finnish, but like it's
>> been said, Finnish is pronounced pretty much like it's written. I have
>> studied (at least cursorily) many languages, and I truly believe Finnish
>> gets the closest to a 1-1 correspondence between written glyphs and
>> spoken sounds.

I must agree with you here. One can make a fairly good guess at a
Finnish word's pronunciation by interpreting its letters as letters
in the International Phonetic Association's alphabet
(http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/ipa.html)
In fact, I once had a cursory glance at ASCII-IPA to see how the
Finnish word "yhdysvaltalain en"'s (USAn) pronunication is written in
ASCII-IPA. Turns out it's /yhdysvaltalaine n/.
> I'm spanish, and I have to say that spanish is *exactly* pronounced as
> it is written, except for "h" letter, that is not pronounced at all.

Close, but no cigar. Some minor points: Why is the 'u' in "qu"
pronounced differently than the normal 'u'? (For example "una
quilogramme".) Why do 'l' by itself and "ll" have separate
pronunciations? (I don't know how the "ll" is pronounced correctly,
but I think I know it's *not* pronounced as two 'l' sounds.)
Why can 'y' be both a consonant (like in "yo") and a vowel (like in
"hay")? Another minor point that comes to mind: 'c' in "capitan" vs. 'c'
in "Barcelona" . I'm no authority on Spanish pronunciation but I
believe these two are different.
Oh yes, I didn't think about that one.
I suppose 'j' in Spanish is always pronounced like 'h' in English.

In fact 'j' in Spanish is a consonant that does not occur in English
(it does occur in German, and most other european languages).
English speakers say it as 'h' because it is the closest-matching
English sound. In fact it is common for allophones (sounds which differ
audibly but are interchangeable in pronunciation without affecting
the word) to be "heard" as only one sound, by people who have not put
effort into discerning the difference. Another example is English 'th'
in "thick" vs. "then". At any rate this isn't a "problem" , I interpret "pronounced as it
is written" to mean "the same letter has the same pronunciation,
regardless of its context".

Yes, and this means that neither Spanish nor English is "pronounced
as written". Finnish is *almost* - the 'n' in "ng" or "nk" is not
pronounced like a normal 'n'. Otherwise it's "pronounced as written".

--
/-- Joona Palaste (pa*****@cc.hel sinki.fi) ------------- Finland --------\
\-- http://www.helsinki.fi/~palaste --------------------- rules! --------/
"Holy Banana of this, Sacred Coconut of that, Magic Axolotl of the other."
- Guardian in "Jinxter"

[Dan Pop]

In <40************ ***********@new s.syd.swiftdsl. com.au> "Kevin Torr" <ke*******@hotm ail.com> writes:

http://www.yep-mm.com/res/soCrypt.c

I have 2 malloc's in my program, and when I write the contents of them to
the screen or to a file, there aren addition 4 characters.

As far as I can tell, both the code to register the malloc and to write
information into the malloc is solid. Why then ismy program returning an
additional 4 characters?

Write a *minimal* program reproducing your problem, post it here and
you may get some sensible answers.

Dan
--
Dan Pop
DESY Zeuthen, RZ group
Email: Da*****@ifh.de

[Dan Pop]

In <87************ @blp.benpfaff.o rg> Ben Pfaff <bl*@cs.stanfor d.edu> writes:

"John Tsiombikas (Nuclear / the Lab)" <nu*****@siggra ph.org> writes:

Ben Pfaff wrote:

>when I include a header? which header?

You have to include stdlib.h when you use malloc (or provide the
prototype of malloc() yourself, but i can't imagine why you would
prefer to do that)
Providing a prototype of malloc() yourself is arguably not valid
practice based on this sentence from the standard, section 7.1.4:
2 Provided that a library function can be declared without
reference to any type defined in a header, it is also
permissible to declare the function and use it without
including its associated header.
You can certainly declare malloc() without a type defined in a
header, but giving a prototype requires using size_t. It's
better just to use the header.

So are you saying that you can't do the following?

#include <stddef.h> /* for size_t */
void *malloc(size_t) ;

this is providing a prototype for malloc, without including stdlib.h

You got size_t from a header, which seems to fall afoul of the
spirit of the provision above. Whether it is actually undefined
behavior would be better judged in comp.std.c.

Why is undefined behaviour an option here?

<stddef.h> is the right header to include when you need a definition of
size_t without much additional baggage and his declaration of malloc is
identical to the one provided by the standard itself.

Dan
--
Dan Pop
DESY Zeuthen, RZ group
Email: Da*****@ifh.de

[CBFalconer]

Mark Henning wrote:

"Chris Torek" <no****@torek.n et> wrote in message

(although most systems, today,
have an even wider range, about +/- 2 billion).

Only, however, if you live in the US. (Or France).

Works everywhere, on machines with an 11 bit byte and
sizeof(size_t) == 4. :-) That even allows for 2 padding bits.

--
A: Because it fouls the order in which people normally read text.
Q: Why is top-posting such a bad thing?
A: Top-posting.
Q: What is the most annoying thing on usenet and in e-mail?

[Richard Bos]

CBFalconer <cb********@yah oo.com> wrote:

Mark Henning wrote:

"Chris Torek" <no****@torek.n et> wrote in message

(although most systems, today,
have an even wider range, about +/- 2 billion).

Only, however, if you live in the US. (Or France).

Works everywhere, on machines with an 11 bit byte and
sizeof(size_t) == 4. :-) That even allows for 2 padding bits.

But in civilised countries, which are not actively trying to make their
national deficit look larger, that won't fit two billion.

Richard

[Dan Pop]

In <c4**********@t aliesin2.netcom .net.uk> "Mark Henning" <ma*******@btop enworld.com> writes:

"Chris Torek" <no****@torek.n et> wrote in message

(although most systems, today,
have an even wider range, about +/- 2 billion).

Only, however, if you live in the US. (Or France).

In French, this usage of billion is considered an archaism. The current
meaning is 1e12, like in the rest of Europe.

Dan
--
Dan Pop
DESY Zeuthen, RZ group
Email: Da*****@ifh.de

[Joona I Palaste]

Dan Pop <Da*****@cern.c h> scribbled the following:

In <c4**********@t aliesin2.netcom .net.uk> "Mark Henning" <ma*******@btop enworld.com> writes:

"Chris Torek" <no****@torek.n et> wrote in message

(although most systems, today,
have an even wider range, about +/- 2 billion).
Only, however, if you live in the US. (Or France).

In French, this usage of billion is considered an archaism. The current
meaning is 1e12, like in the rest of Europe.

Unfortunately, in international discussion, the trend seems to be favour
American forms if at least one American is present. A safe rule of thumb
is "except for political issues, international means American".

--
/-- Joona Palaste (pa*****@cc.hel sinki.fi) ------------- Finland --------\
\-- http://www.helsinki.fi/~palaste --------------------- rules! --------/
"B-but Angus! You're a dragon!"
- Mickey Mouse

[CBFalconer]

Richard Bos wrote:

CBFalconer <cb********@yah oo.com> wrote:

Mark Henning wrote:

"Chris Torek" <no****@torek.n et> wrote in message

(although most systems, today,
have an even wider range, about +/- 2 billion).

Only, however, if you live in the US. (Or France).

Works everywhere, on machines with an 11 bit byte and
sizeof(size_t) == 4. :-) That even allows for 2 padding bits.

But in civilised countries, which are not actively trying to make
their national deficit look larger, that won't fit two billion.

Last time I counted that high 42 bits could describe +- 2e12,
which seems capable of describing most varieties of billion known
to me.

--
Churchill and Bush can both be considered wartime leaders, just
as Secretariat and Mr Ed were both horses. - James Rhodes.

[Richard Delorme]

Dan Pop wrote :

In <40************ *********@news. club-internet.fr> Richard Delorme <ab****@nospam. fr> writes:

There are such contests for French, too. The winners are usually NOT
native French speakers.

That's not true. The most popular contest is "la dictée de Pivot" also
known as "Les Dicos d'or" and the winners are usually French, but there
is a category for non native French speakers.

Obviously, a non-native French speaker cannot win at the category reserved
to native French speakers :-) I was talking about open contests.

May I know which contests? I know that an Austrian, the Prince of
Metternich supposedly won the famous and first such contest, "la dictée
de Mérimée", but other sources say it was his daugther-in-law, Pauline
Sandoz, a native French speaker and not the Prince himself. Moreover, at
this time (1857), French was the international language used in
diplomacy, so many non native French spearkers possessed an almost
perfect knowledge of the French language, which is not the case anymore.

[...] getting it right when writing requires
a solid understanding of the French grammar (otherwise, it's trivially
easy to mix up, e.g. the infinitive and past participle of most regular
verbs).

Although your last example is a common mistake, it's very easy to avoid
it for a native french speaker: just replace the verb by another one
(usually "prendre") and its pronunciation discriminates between the
infinitive and the past participle.

It doesn't matter how easy it is to avoid, what really matters is that it
is a *very* common mistake. If the written form sounds correctly, far too
many people don't bother to make the slightest effort to check that it is
the correct form.

What I meant is that you don't need a "solid understanding of the French
grammar" to avoid this mistake if you are a native French speaker, as
you can use a simple method based on pronunciation. However it is true
you cannot write correct French without paying some attention.

Besides French grammar, spelling French is difficult because of the many
ways (not as much as English, though) to write the same sound and
because of the presence of mute letters (much more than English), e.g.
"saint", "sain", "sein", "seing", "ceint", "cinq" all share an identical
pronunciati on but a different meaning.

It's not that difficult, once you get the hang of it. As a non-native
French speaker I was able to correctly spell words I was hearing for the
first time. And the context helps a lot when disambiguating between
words with identical or near identical pronunciation, just like
in English.

Such words are often used during French spelling contests. For example,
"les cuisseaux de veau et les cuissots de chevreuil" was used by Mérimée
in his famous spelling contest. "Cuissot" and "cuisseau" designate, with
an identical pronunciation, the same part of different animals. As they
are not a very common words, it's quite hard to get the right spelling.

--
Richard

[Joona I Palaste]

Arthur J. O'Dwyer <aj*@nospam.and rew.cmu.edu> scribbled the following:

On Tue, 13 Apr 2004, Joona I Palaste wrote:

Alberto Giménez <al****@telelin e.es> scribbled the following:

> El 8 Apr 2004 08:33:51 GMT, Joona I Palaste escribió:
>> People here might know next to nothing about Finnish, but like it's
>> been said, Finnish is pronounced pretty much like it's written. I have
>> studied (at least cursorily) many languages, and I truly believe Finnish
>> gets the closest to a 1-1 correspondence between written glyphs and
>> spoken sounds.
>
> I'm spanish, and I have to say that spanish is *exactly* pronounced as
> it is written, except for "h" letter, that is not pronounced at all.
Close, but no cigar. Some minor points: Why is the 'u' in "qu"
pronounced differently than the normal 'u'? (For example "una
quilogramme".) Is this correct in some Spanish dialect with which I'm unfamiliar?
I thought the word for "kilogram" in Spanish was... well.. "kilogramo. "
Certainly the "gramme" ending in Joona's word isn't Spanish; Spanish
doesn't double consonants. Looks like a weird Ibero-British hybrid
to me. :)
(After Googling: is this something like Catalan?)
I don't know how to spell Spanish correctly. I just have a general idea
of it.
Why do 'l' by itself and "ll" have separate
pronunciations? (I don't know how the "ll" is pronounced correctly,
but I think I know it's *not* pronounced as two 'l' sounds.) The two-'l' letter is the "elle" (pronounced roughly like the
English letter "A": "A-yay"). In words, it's pronounced like the
English 'y': "me llamo" -> "may yamo". And perfectly regularly so. Spanish used to consider both the 'll' and the 'ch' to be letters
in their own right, along with the enye (n+tilde; sorry, not in my
encoding). But IIRC recently the Spanish people in charge of the
"official" language decided to give up the separate letters for 'ch'
and 'll', and now you'll find "llama" in between "liviano" and "local"
in the dictionary.
IMHO, that's just silly. Considering a group of multiple glyphs as a
single letter can be very confusing.
Why can 'y' be both a consonant (like in "yo") and a vowel (like in
"hay")? I'd say, because Spanish doesn't consider 'y' either a consonant or
a vowel, just as in English. The 'y' sound is kind of in-between.
In any event, the 'y' in "yo" isn't really acting like a consonant:
it's just adding the extra "ee" sort of sound. Just like it's doing
in "hay," which without the 'y' would be pronounced "ahh." With the
'y', it's pronounced "ahh-ee," but run together into "ai." [It's weird trying to write down phonetic descriptions in "English"
syllables, when we're talking about a *more* phonetic language in the
first place, and I know English isn't your first language in the second
place. ;) ]
I make a distinction between the consonant and vowel forms. In some
languages, it can even affect the syllable count. Compare the two
Finnish names "Marja" and "Maria". The first is two syllables: Mar-ja.
The second is three syllables: Ma-ri-a.
I suppose 'j' in Spanish is always pronounced like 'h' in English. Correct, AFAIK. Fair enough, but seeing as it's pronounced in Finnish like the
consonant 'y' in English and Spanish, it strikes me as a little weird.

Sounds to me like *Finnish* is the weird one. ;-))

I have to be of the exact opposite opinion. Have you ever looked at
how similar the glyphs 'I' and 'J', or 'i' and 'j' are? And that they're
next to each other in the alphabet?
Especially since 'j' is the only consonant with a dot? It seems clear
that 'j' is intended to be the consonant form of 'i', not some silly 'tsch'
thing like your Anglosaxon has. AFAIK it *was* the consonant form of 'i'
in Latin but it got later corrupted.
Finnish is not the only language to use 'j' as the consonant form of
'i'. At least Swedish, Danish, Norwegian and German also use it.

--
/-- Joona Palaste (pa*****@cc.hel sinki.fi) ------------- Finland --------\
\-- http://www.helsinki.fi/~palaste --------------------- rules! --------/
"A bee could, in effect, gather its junk. Llamas (no poor quadripeds) tune
and vow excitedly zooming."
- JIPsoft