malloc + 4??

[Kevin Torr]

http://www.yep-mm.com/res/soCrypt.c

I have 2 malloc's in my program, and when I write the contents of them to
the screen or to a file, there aren addition 4 characters.

As far as I can tell, both the code to register the malloc and to write
information into the malloc is solid. Why then ismy program returning an
additional 4 characters?

register malloc 1:
line 192

register malloc 2:
line 214

write to malloc 1:
line 200 - 205

write to malloc 2:
line 221 - 225

display malloc 2:
line 157

write malloc 2:
line 251

Here's how you execute the program:

socrypt.exe /e :i input.txt :o output.txt :A keya.txt :B keyb.txt :k
keyout.txt

**note that the input, keya, and keyb files must exist or the program will
return an error code.

If you write a text string into the input.txt file, it will write the same
string into the output.txt file plus an addition 4 characters.

The 1024 char random 'masterkey' is also written out to the keyout.txt file
with an addition 4 characters.

Why is this happening? I'm totally baffled and have spent days trying to
figure this out.

[John Tsiombikas (Nuclear / the Lab)]

Martin Ambuhl wrote:

John Tsiombikas (Nuclear / the Lab) wrote:

Kevin Torr wrote:

So when do I need not cast mallocs?

Never.

Actually he *always* need not cast mallocs.
What he need never do is cast mallocs.

Hm, it seems I missed the *not* in there, for some obscure reason I
thought that he asked "So when do I need to cast mallocs?". :)))

--
John Tsiombikas (Nuclear / the Lab)
nu*****@siggrap h.org
http://thelab.demoscene.gr/nuclear/

[Joona I Palaste]

Alberto Giménez <al****@telelin e.es> scribbled the following:

El 8 Apr 2004 08:33:51 GMT, Joona I Palaste escribió:

People here might know next to nothing about Finnish, but like it's
been said, Finnish is pronounced pretty much like it's written. I have
studied (at least cursorily) many languages, and I truly believe Finnish
gets the closest to a 1-1 correspondence between written glyphs and
spoken sounds.

I'm spanish, and I have to say that spanish is *exactly* pronounced as
it is written, except for "h" letter, that is not pronounced at all.

Close, but no cigar. Some minor points: Why is the 'u' in "qu"
pronounced differently than the normal 'u'? (For example "una
quilogramme".) Why do 'l' by itself and "ll" have separate
pronunciations? (I don't know how the "ll" is pronounced correctly,
but I think I know it's *not* pronounced as two 'l' sounds.)
Why can 'y' be both a consonant (like in "yo") and a vowel (like in
"hay")?
I suppose 'j' in Spanish is always pronounced like 'h' in English.
Fair enough, but seeing as it's pronounced in Finnish like the
consonant 'y' in English and Spanish, it strikes me as a little weird.

--
/-- Joona Palaste (pa*****@cc.hel sinki.fi) ------------- Finland --------\
\-- http://www.helsinki.fi/~palaste --------------------- rules! --------/
"It was, er, quite bookish."
- Horace Boothroyd

[John Tsiombikas (Nuclear / the Lab)]

Ben Pfaff wrote:

when I include a header? which header?

You have to include stdlib.h when you use malloc (or provide the
prototype of malloc() yourself, but i can't imagine why you would
prefer to do that)

Providing a prototype of malloc() yourself is arguably not valid
practice based on this sentence from the standard, section 7.1.4:

2 Provided that a library function can be declared without
reference to any type defined in a header, it is also
permissible to declare the function and use it without
including its associated header.

You can certainly declare malloc() without a type defined in a
header, but giving a prototype requires using size_t. It's
better just to use the header.

So are you saying that you can't do the following?

#include <stddef.h> /* for size_t */
void *malloc(size_t) ;

this is providing a prototype for malloc, without including stdlib.h and
yes ofcourse it's better to just use the header, I just added that
comment for completeness, if I may quote myself :)
"or provide the prototype of malloc() yourself, but i can't imagine why
you would prefer to do that"

--
John Tsiombikas (Nuclear / the Lab)
nu*****@siggrap h.org
http://thelab.demoscene.gr/nuclear/

[Ben Pfaff]

"John Tsiombikas (Nuclear / the Lab)" <nu*****@siggra ph.org> writes:

Ben Pfaff wrote:

when I include a header? which header?

You have to include stdlib.h when you use malloc (or provide the
prototype of malloc() yourself, but i can't imagine why you would
prefer to do that)

Providing a prototype of malloc() yourself is arguably not valid
practice based on this sentence from the standard, section 7.1.4:
2 Provided that a library function can be declared without
reference to any type defined in a header, it is also
permissible to declare the function and use it without
including its associated header.
You can certainly declare malloc() without a type defined in a
header, but giving a prototype requires using size_t. It's
better just to use the header.

So are you saying that you can't do the following?

#include <stddef.h> /* for size_t */
void *malloc(size_t) ;

this is providing a prototype for malloc, without including stdlib.h

You got size_t from a header, which seems to fall afoul of the
spirit of the provision above. Whether it is actually undefined
behavior would be better judged in comp.std.c. But it is better
in any case to simply include <stdlib.h>.
--
"We put [the best] Assembler programmers in a little glass case in the hallway
near the Exit sign. The sign on the case says, `In case of optimization
problem, break glass.' Meanwhile, the problem solvers are busy doing their
work in languages most appropriate to the job at hand." --Richard Riehle

[Arthur J. O'Dwyer]

On Tue, 13 Apr 2004, Joona I Palaste wrote:

Alberto Giménez <al****@telelin e.es> scribbled the following:

El 8 Apr 2004 08:33:51 GMT, Joona I Palaste escribió:

People here might know next to nothing about Finnish, but like it's
been said, Finnish is pronounced pretty much like it's written. I have
studied (at least cursorily) many languages, and I truly believe Finnish
gets the closest to a 1-1 correspondence between written glyphs and
spoken sounds.
I'm spanish, and I have to say that spanish is *exactly* pronounced as
it is written, except for "h" letter, that is not pronounced at all.

Close, but no cigar. Some minor points: Why is the 'u' in "qu"
pronounced differently than the normal 'u'? (For example "una
quilogramme".)

Is this correct in some Spanish dialect with which I'm unfamiliar?
I thought the word for "kilogram" in Spanish was... well.. "kilogramo. "
Certainly the "gramme" ending in Joona's word isn't Spanish; Spanish
doesn't double consonants. Looks like a weird Ibero-British hybrid
to me. :)
(After Googling: is this something like Catalan?)
Why do 'l' by itself and "ll" have separate
pronunciations? (I don't know how the "ll" is pronounced correctly,
but I think I know it's *not* pronounced as two 'l' sounds.)
The two-'l' letter is the "elle" (pronounced roughly like the
English letter "A": "A-yay"). In words, it's pronounced like the
English 'y': "me llamo" -> "may yamo". And perfectly regularly so.

Spanish used to consider both the 'll' and the 'ch' to be letters
in their own right, along with the enye (n+tilde; sorry, not in my
encoding). But IIRC recently the Spanish people in charge of the
"official" language decided to give up the separate letters for 'ch'
and 'll', and now you'll find "llama" in between "liviano" and "local"
in the dictionary.
Why can 'y' be both a consonant (like in "yo") and a vowel (like in
"hay")?
I'd say, because Spanish doesn't consider 'y' either a consonant or
a vowel, just as in English. The 'y' sound is kind of in-between.
In any event, the 'y' in "yo" isn't really acting like a consonant:
it's just adding the extra "ee" sort of sound. Just like it's doing
in "hay," which without the 'y' would be pronounced "ahh." With the
'y', it's pronounced "ahh-ee," but run together into "ai."

[It's weird trying to write down phonetic descriptions in "English"
syllables, when we're talking about a *more* phonetic language in the
first place, and I know English isn't your first language in the second
place. ;) ]
I suppose 'j' in Spanish is always pronounced like 'h' in English.
Correct, AFAIK.
Fair enough, but seeing as it's pronounced in Finnish like the
consonant 'y' in English and Spanish, it strikes me as a little weird.

Sounds to me like *Finnish* is the weird one. ;-))

-Arthur

[Stephen Sprunk]

"Joona I Palaste" <pa*****@cc.hel sinki.fi> wrote in message
news:c5******** **@oravannahka. helsinki.fi...

Alberto Giménez <al****@telelin e.es> scribbled the following:

I'm spanish, and I have to say that spanish is *exactly* pronounced as
it is written, except for "h" letter, that is not pronounced at all.
Close, but no cigar. Some minor points: Why is the 'u' in "qu"
pronounced differently than the normal 'u'? (For example "una
quilogramme".) Why do 'l' by itself and "ll" have separate
pronunciations?

'ch', 'll', and 'rr' are considered separate letters in the Spanish alphabet
with their own pronunciation, not combinations of two letters. For example,
the word "churro" has four letters and should come _after_ "cuba" in sort
order. Arguably, 'qu' should be another (composite) letter as well,
especially since 'q' isn't used on its own.

"kilogramo" or just "kilo" are the words I know in Spanish, by the way.
However, since 'k' is not in the Spanish alphabet, I presume the correct
spelling is "quilogramo ". The -mme ending in your spelling looks French,
not Spanish.
(I don't know how the "ll" is pronounced correctly, but I think I know it's *not* pronounced as two 'l' sounds.)
The exact pronunciation of 'll' depends on dialect; most pronounce it as the
French do, with a 'y' sound.
Why can 'y' be both a consonant (like in "yo") and a vowel (like in
"hay")?
For every word I can think of, you get the correct pronunciation (for most
dialects) if you replace 'y' with 'i' -- in fact the name of 'y' is "i
griega", or "greek i". Of course, there are dialects where the consonant
sound of 'y' is very different, but that's an aberration.
I suppose 'j' in Spanish is always pronounced like 'h' in English.
Fair enough, but seeing as it's pronounced in Finnish like the
consonant 'y' in English and Spanish, it strikes me as a little weird.

When switching between English, Spanish, and French, the 'j' probably trips
me up more than anything else since it has totally different sounds in each.
Most other letters sound the same in at least two of them.

S

--
Stephen Sprunk "Stupid people surround themselves with smart
CCIE #3723 people. Smart people surround themselves with
K5SSS smart people who disagree with them." --Aaron Sorkin

[Joe Wright]

Alberto Giménez wrote:

-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
Hash: SHA1

El 8 Apr 2004 08:33:51 GMT, Joona I Palaste escribió:

People here might know next to nothing about Finnish, but like it's
been said, Finnish is pronounced pretty much like it's written. I have
studied (at least cursorily) many languages, and I truly believe Finnish
gets the closest to a 1-1 correspondence between written glyphs and
spoken sounds.

I'm spanish, and I have to say that spanish is *exactly* pronounced as
it is written, except for "h" letter, that is not pronounced at all.

With all due respect, Spain (Iberia) has four (more?) regions with
their own languages. Castille, Andalusia, Catalonia, Basque, etc.
Which of these are you talking about? Then there is Central and most
of South America. Do you suppose these people write and pronounce
Spanish the same, or even like you do? How do you pronounce
'tortilla' where you live, and what would you get if you ordered it?
How would you pronounce it in Mexico and what would you get?

Phonetic spelling is tedious so bear with me if you can.
In Spain it is 'tor-TILL-ya' and is very much like an omelette.
In Mexico it is 'tor-TEE-ya' and is a dry corn pancake.

--
Joe Wright mailto:jo****** **@comcast.net
"Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler."
--- Albert Einstein ---

[Keith Thompson]

"Kevin Torr" <ke*******@hotm ail.com> writes:

"Chris Torek" <no****@torek.n et> wrote in message
news:c4******** *@news2.newsguy .com... [...] Wow, thanks for all that. I will have to get my head around it all.

So when do I need not cast mallocs? when I include a header? which header?
Or are you saying that I don't need to cast a malloc if I've already defined
the pointer as a data type?
What would be a possible bad thing if I did cast a malloc when I didn't need
to? Is there something that could go wrong or is it just redundant?

Speaking of redundant, you just re-posted over 230 lines of Chris
Torek's text. Please limit quoted material to what's relevant to your
reply.

To answer your question, if you're going to use malloc() you should
always include <stdlib.h>, and you should never cast the result.

Casting the result masks possible errors. It can eliminate the
warning message you'll get if you've forgotten to include <stdlib.h>,
but only because you're lying to the compiler. It's like eliminating
a warning light on your dashboard by unscrewing the light bulb rather
than by fixing the problem it's trying to tell you about.

--
Keith Thompson (The_Other_Keit h) ks***@mib.org <http://www.ghoti.net/~kst>
San Diego Supercomputer Center <*> <http://users.sdsc.edu/~kst>
Schroedinger does Shakespeare: "To be *and* not to be"

[Old Wolf]

Joona I Palaste <pa*****@cc.hel sinki.fi> wrote:

Alberto Giménez <al****@telelin e.es> scribbled:
Joona I Palaste escribió:

People here might know next to nothing about Finnish, but like it's
been said, Finnish is pronounced pretty much like it's written. I have
studied (at least cursorily) many languages, and I truly believe Finnish
gets the closest to a 1-1 correspondence between written glyphs and
spoken sounds.

I must agree with you here. One can make a fairly good guess at a
Finnish word's pronunciation by interpreting its letters as letters
in the International Phonetic Association's alphabet
(http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/ipa.html)
I'm spanish, and I have to say that spanish is *exactly* pronounced as
it is written, except for "h" letter, that is not pronounced at all.
Close, but no cigar. Some minor points: Why is the 'u' in "qu"
pronounced differently than the normal 'u'? (For example "una
quilogramme".) Why do 'l' by itself and "ll" have separate
pronunciations? (I don't know how the "ll" is pronounced correctly,
but I think I know it's *not* pronounced as two 'l' sounds.)
Why can 'y' be both a consonant (like in "yo") and a vowel (like in
"hay")?

Another minor point that comes to mind: 'c' in "capitan" vs. 'c'
in "Barcelona" . I'm no authority on Spanish pronunciation but I
believe these two are different.
I suppose 'j' in Spanish is always pronounced like 'h' in English.

In fact 'j' in Spanish is a consonant that does not occur in English
(it does occur in German, and most other european languages).
English speakers say it as 'h' because it is the closest-matching
English sound. In fact it is common for allophones (sounds which differ
audibly but are interchangeable in pronunciation without affecting
the word) to be "heard" as only one sound, by people who have not put
effort into discerning the difference. Another example is English 'th'
in "thick" vs. "then".

At any rate this isn't a "problem" , I interpret "pronounced as it
is written" to mean "the same letter has the same pronunciation,
regardless of its context".

[Mark Henning]

"Chris Torek" <no****@torek.n et> wrote in message

(although most systems, today,
have an even wider range, about +/- 2 billion).

Only, however, if you live in the US. (Or France).