virtual abstract functions

[placid]

Hi

if a have the following classes

class A
{
public:
A();
virtual ~A();
virtual string someFunction() const = 0;
}

class B:public A
{}

int main(void)
{
A* aa = new B();
}

I get this compiler error

main.cpp: In function `int main(int, char**)':
main.cpp:10: error: cannot allocate an object of type `A'
main.cpp:10: error: because the following virtual functions are
abstract:
B.h:30: error: virtual std::string B::someFunction () const
does anyone know whats this abou, because if i remove the 'const' in
the Base class it works but i wont the Base class to be abstract !
Thanks in advance

[Alf P. Steinbach]

* placid:

if a have the following classes

class A
{
public:
A();
virtual ~A();
virtual string someFunction() const = 0;
}

class B:public A
{}

int main(void)
{
A* aa = new B();
}

I get this compiler error
No you don't.

If you try to compile the above you get some other error messages.

Here's an example of what you actually get, using g++ 3.4.2:

koko.cpp:6: error: `string' does not name a type
koko.cpp:6: error: extra semicolon
koko.cpp:13: error: new types may not be defined in a return type
koko.cpp:13: error: two or more data types in declaration of `main'
koko.cpp:13: error: extraneous `int' ignored
koko.cpp:13: error: `main' must return `int'
koko.cpp:13: error: return type for `main' changed to `int'
koko.cpp: In function `int main(...)':
koko.cpp:14: warning: unused variable 'aa'

Here's another example, when '#include <string>' and 'using namespace std;'
are added on the top:

koko.cpp:16: error: new types may not be defined in a return type
koko.cpp:16: error: two or more data types in declaration of `main'
koko.cpp:16: error: extraneous `int' ignored
koko.cpp:16: error: `main' must return `int'
koko.cpp:16: error: return type for `main' changed to `int'
koko.cpp: In function `int main(...)':
koko.cpp:17: error: cannot allocate an object of type `B'
koko.cpp:17: error: because the following virtual functions are abstract:
koko.cpp:9: error: virtual std::string A::someFunction () const
koko.cpp:17: warning: unused variable 'aa'

Now for the error message you _claim_ for the above code, but which is
actually for code that you haven't shown:

main.cpp: In function `int main(int, char**)':
main.cpp:10: error: cannot allocate an object of type `A'
main.cpp:10: error: because the following virtual functions are
abstract:
B.h:30: error: virtual std::string B::someFunction () const
Study the error message.

What does it say?

That's one thing that's wrong in your actual code.

does anyone know whats this abou, because if i remove the 'const' in
the Base class it works
No it does not.

but i wont the Base class to be abstract !

Why?

--
A: Because it messes up the order in which people normally read text.
Q: Why is it such a bad thing?
A: Top-posting.
Q: What is the most annoying thing on usenet and in e-mail?

[Greg]

placid wrote:

Hi

if a have the following classes

class A
{
public:
A();
virtual ~A();
virtual string someFunction() const = 0;
}

class B:public A
{}

int main(void)
{
A* aa = new B();
}

I get this compiler error

main.cpp: In function `int main(int, char**)':
main.cpp:10: error: cannot allocate an object of type `A'
main.cpp:10: error: because the following virtual functions are
abstract:
B.h:30: error: virtual std::string B::someFunction () const
does anyone know whats this abou, because if i remove the 'const' in
the Base class it works but i wont the Base class to be abstract !
Thanks in advance

Class B must implement someFunction for the class to be instantiable:

class B : public A
{
public:
virtual std::string someFunction() const
{
return "";
}
};

Note also the proper syntax to allocate a B object:

int main()
{
A* aa = new B;
...
}

Greg

[John Carson]

"Greg" <gr****@pacbell .net> wrote in message
news:11******** *************@g 44g2000cwa.goog legroups.com

placid wrote:

int main(void)
{
A* aa = new B();
}

Note also the proper syntax to allocate a B object:

int main()
{
A* aa = new B;
...
}

A* aa = new B();

is also correct. See section 5.3.4/15 of the standard. The use of () means
that the object is value initialized.

--
John Carson

[Greg]

John Carson wrote:

"Greg" <gr****@pacbell .net> wrote in message
news:11******** *************@g 44g2000cwa.goog legroups.com

placid wrote:

int main(void)
{
A* aa = new B();
}

Note also the proper syntax to allocate a B object:

int main()
{
A* aa = new B;
...
}

A* aa = new B();

is also correct. See section 5.3.4/15 of the standard. The use of () means
that the object is value initialized.

Yes, the parentheses are legal in this new expression. But my point was
that the parentheses are completely superfluous when allocating an
instance of a class type. The object is default-initialized without the
parentheses, the object is default-initialized with the parentheses, so
their presence in the statement has no effect on its meaning.

The economy of expression principle holds that only those operators
needed to complete an expression should appear in it. In other words,
it is not a good idea to pepper one's code with aesthetically pleasing
operators that otherwise contribute nothing to its meaning. Doing so
makes the program harder to understand, since someone examining the
code must first decide whether an operator in a statement is performing
some necessary operation, or whether it can be excluded from analysis.

More importantly, superfluous operators in one context may suddenly
become meaningful in slightly different contexts and do so in
surprising ways. Even in a new expression, the Standard warns that the
presence of parentheses can have surprising effects (§5.3.4/3) - which
is another argument not to use parentheses indiscriminatel y in a C++
program, but to use them only on an as-needed basis.

Greg

[Jim Langston]

"placid" <Bu****@gmail.c om> wrote in message
news:11******** **************@ o13g2000cwo.goo glegroups.com.. .

Hi

if a have the following classes

class A
{
public:
A();
virtual ~A();
virtual string someFunction() const = 0;
}

class B:public A
{}

int main(void)
{
A* aa = new B();
}

I get this compiler error

main.cpp: In function `int main(int, char**)':
main.cpp:10: error: cannot allocate an object of type `A'
main.cpp:10: error: because the following virtual functions are
abstract:
B.h:30: error: virtual std::string B::someFunction () const
does anyone know whats this abou, because if i remove the 'const' in
the Base class it works but i wont the Base class to be abstract !
Thanks in advance

virtual string someFunction() const = 0;

This is called "pure virtual". Pure virtual means there is no definition of
the method in the base class, and any class that is derived from the base
class MUST define this method. Your class B did not define this method.
Which is what the compile error is yelling about.

Either:
1. Don't make the method pure virtual so you dont' have to define it in the
derived class (remove the = 0 ) or
2. Define the method in your derived class B.

[makc.the.great]

Greg wrote:

A* aa = new B;
...

A* aa = new B();
is also correct.

Yes, the parentheses are legal in this new expression. But... Doing so
makes the program harder to understand, since someone examining the
code must first decide whether an operator in a statement is performing
some necessary operation, or whether it can be excluded from analysis.

More importantly, superfluous operators in one context may suddenly
become meaningful in slightly different contexts and do so in
surprising ways. Even in a new expression, the Standard warns that the
presence of parentheses can have surprising effects (§5.3.4/3) - which
is another argument not to use parentheses indiscriminatel y in a C++
program, but to use them only on an as-needed basis.

are you saying that B::B() will not be called if I do new B; ?

[Alf P. Steinbach]

* Greg:

John Carson wrote:

"Greg" <gr****@pacbell .net> wrote in message
news:11******** *************@g 44g2000cwa.goog legroups.com

placid wrote:
>
> int main(void)
> {
> A* aa =3D new B();
> }
>

Note also the proper syntax to allocate a B object:

int main()
{
A* aa =3D new B;
...
}

A* aa =3D new B();

is also correct. See section 5.3.4/15 of the standard. The use of () means
that the object is value initialized.

Yes, the parentheses are legal in this new expression. But my point was
that the parentheses are completely superfluous when allocating an
instance of a class type. The object is default-initialized without the
parentheses, the object is default-initialized with the parentheses, so
their presence in the statement has no effect on its meaning.

In this particular case, yes. For a POD, no. The problem is that popular
compilers such as Microsoft's do not adhere to the standard in this respect.

--
A: Because it messes up the order in which people normally read text.
Q: Why is it such a bad thing?
A: Top-posting.
Q: What is the most annoying thing on usenet and in e-mail?

[Greg]

Jim Langston wrote:

"placid" <Bu****@gmail.c om> wrote in message
news:11******** **************@ o13g2000cwo.goo glegroups.com.. .

Hi

if a have the following classes

class A
{
public:
A();
virtual ~A();
virtual string someFunction() const = 0;
}

class B:public A
{}

int main(void)
{
A* aa = new B();
}

I get this compiler error

main.cpp: In function `int main(int, char**)':
main.cpp:10: error: cannot allocate an object of type `A'
main.cpp:10: error: because the following virtual functions are
abstract:
B.h:30: error: virtual std::string B::someFunction () const
does anyone know whats this abou, because if i remove the 'const' in
the Base class it works but i wont the Base class to be abstract !
Thanks in advance

virtual string someFunction() const = 0;

This is called "pure virtual". Pure virtual means there is no definition of
the method in the base class, and any class that is derived from the base
class MUST define this method. Your class B did not define this method.
Which is what the compile error is yelling about.

Neither point is completely accurate. There may or may not be a
definition of the pure virtual function in the base class. If the
program ever calls the pure virtual method in the base class
explicitly, then the pure virtual function must be defined.
Furthermore, a derived class is not obligated to define a pure virtual
method it inherits. A derived class can declare also declare the method
pure virtual and thereby become an abstract class like its base.
Either:
1. Don't make the method pure virtual so you dont' have to define it in the
derived class (remove the = 0 ) or
2. Define the method in your derived class B.

There is also a third option just mentioned: B declares the method pure
virtual itself.

Greg

[placid]

Jim Langston wrote:

"placid" <Bu****@gmail.c om> wrote in message
news:11******** **************@ o13g2000cwo.goo glegroups.com.. .

Hi

if a have the following classes

class A
{
public:
A();
virtual ~A();
virtual string someFunction() const = 0;
}

class B:public A
{}

int main(void)
{
A* aa = new B();
}

I get this compiler error

main.cpp: In function `int main(int, char**)':
main.cpp:10: error: cannot allocate an object of type `A'
main.cpp:10: error: because the following virtual functions are
abstract:
B.h:30: error: virtual std::string B::someFunction () const
does anyone know whats this abou, because if i remove the 'const' in
the Base class it works but i wont the Base class to be abstract !
Thanks in advance

virtual string someFunction() const = 0;

This is called "pure virtual". Pure virtual means there is no definition of
the method in the base class, and any class that is derived from the base
class MUST define this method. Your class B did not define this method.
Which is what the compile error is yelling about.

yes i have already defined the pure virtual function in the derived
class but the compiler still complains about not being able to make a
A* aa = new B();

Either:
1. Don't make the method pure virtual so you dont' have to define it in the
derived class (remove the = 0 ) or
2. Define the method in your derived class B.