Bjarne Stroustrup, "The C++ Programming Language: Third Edition",
Chapter 2: A Tour of C++, Section 6: Object-Oriented Programming,
Subsection 2: Class Hierarchies, pages 38-40 implemented in C99.
There are four classes:
1.) Point,
2.) Color,
3.) Shape and
4.) Circle.
All classes have methods to create and destroy objects
in both automatic and free storage.
Shape has a Point and a Color.
Shape is the base class and Circle is derived from Shape.
Shape contains a pointer to a virtual function table
which is initialized to point to the virtual function table
for the derived type.
The virtual function table contains pointers
to the actual functions to be called
when the virtual function is invoked.
cat Point.h #ifndef GUARD_Point_h
#define GUARD_Point_h 1
typedef struct Point {
// representation
double X;
double Y;
} Point;
// functions
double
Point_x(const Point* p);
double
Point_y(const Point* p);
Point*
Point_initialize(Point* p, double x, double y);
// constructors
Point
Point_createExplicit(double x, double y);
Point
Point_createDefault(void);
Point*
Point_newExplicit(double x, double y);
Point*
Point_newDefault(void);
// destructors
void
Point_destroy(const Point* p);
void
Point_delete(const Point* p);
#endif // GUARD_Point_h
cat Point.c // gcc -Wall -std=c99 -pedantic -I. -O2 -c Point.c
#include<Point.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
// functions
double
Point_x(const Point* p) {
return p->X; }
double
Point_y(const Point* p) {
return p->Y; }
Point*
Point_initialize(Point* p, double x, double y) {
p->X = x;
p->Y = y;
return p;
}
// constructors
Point
Point_createExplicit(double x, double y) {
Point p;
Point_initialize(&p, x, y);
return p;
}
Point
Point_createDefault(void) {
return Point_createExplicit(0.0, 0.0); }
Point*
Point_newExplicit(double x, double y) {
Point* p = (Point*)malloc(sizeof(Point));
Point_initialize(p, x, y);
return p; }
Point*
Point_newDefault(void) {
return Point_newExplicit(0.0, 0.0); }
// destructors
void
Point_destroy(const Point* p) { }
void
Point_delete(const Point* p) {
Point_destroy(p);
free((void*)p); }
cat Color.h #ifndef GUARD_Color_h
#define GUARD_Color_h 1
typedef struct Color {
// representation
unsigned int R; // red
unsigned int G; // green
unsigned int B; // blue
} Color;
// functions
unsigned int
Color_red(const Color *c);
unsigned int
Color_green(const Color *c);
unsigned int
Color_blue(const Color *c);
Color*
Color_initialize(Color* c,
unsigned int r,
unsigned int g,
unsigned int b);
// constructors
Color
Color_createExplicit(
unsigned int r,
unsigned int g,
unsigned int b);
Color
Color_createDefault(void);
Color*
Color_newExplicit(
unsigned int r,
unsigned int g,
unsigned int b);
Color*
Color_newDefault(void);
// destructor
void
Color_destroy(const Color *c);
void
Color_delete(const Color *c);
#endif // GUARD_Color_h
cat Color.c // gcc -Wall -std=c99 -pedantic -I. -O2 -c Color.c
#include<Color.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
// functions
unsigned int
Color_red(const Color *c) {
return c->R; }
unsigned int
Color_green(const Color *c) {
return c->G; }
unsigned int
Color_blue(const Color *c) {
return c->B; }
Color*
Color_initialize(Color* c,
unsigned int r,
unsigned int g,
unsigned int b) {
c->R = r;
c->G = g;
c->B = b;
return c;
}
// constructors
Color
Color_createExplicit(
unsigned int r,
unsigned int g,
unsigned int b) {
Color c;
Color_initialize(&c, r, g, b);
return c; }
Color
Color_createDefault(void) {
return Color_createExplicit(0, 0, 0); }
Color*
Color_newExplicit(
unsigned int r,
unsigned int g,
unsigned int b) {
Color* c = (Color*)malloc(sizeof(Color));
Color_initialize(c, r, g, b);
return c; }
Color*
Color_newDefault(void) {
return Color_newExplicit(0, 0, 0); }
// destructors
void
Color_destroy(const Color *c) { }
void
Color_delete(const Color *c) {
Color_destroy(c);
free((void*)c); }
cat Shape.h #ifndef GUARD_Shape_h
#define GUARD_Shape_h 1
#include<Point.h>
#include<Color.h>
typedef struct Shape {
// representation
const
void* V; // virtual function table pointer
Point P;
Color C;
} Shape;
// functions
const Point*
Shape_point(const Shape* s);
const Color*
Shape_color(const Shape* s);
void
actualShape_draw(const Shape* s);
double
actualShape_area(const Shape* s);
void
Shape_draw(const Shape* s); // virtual function
double
Shape_area(const Shape* s); // virtual function
Shape*
Shape_initialize(Shape* s,
const void* v,
const Point* p,
const Color* c);
// constructors
Shape
Shape_createExplicit(
const Point* p,
const Color* c);
Shape
Shape_createDefault(void);
Shape*
Shape_newExplicit(
const Point* p,
const Color* c);
Shape*
Shape_newDefault(void);
// destructors
void
Shape_destroy(const Shape* s);
void
Shape_delete(const Shape* s);
#endif // GUARD_Shape_h
cat Shape.c // gcc -Wall -std=c99 -pedantic -I. -O2 -c Shape.c
#include<stdio.h>
#include<Shape.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
// functions
const Point*
Shape_point(const Shape* s) {
return &(s->P); }
const Color*
Shape_color(const Shape* s) {
return &(s->C); }
void
actualShape_draw(const Shape* s) {
fprintf(stderr, "Shape_draw(const Shape*)\n");
fflush(stderr); }
double
actualShape_area(const Shape* s) {
fprintf(stderr, "Shape_area(const Shape*)\n");
fflush(stderr);
return 0.0; }
typedef struct Shape_vtable_t {
void (*Shape_draw)(const Shape*);
double (*Shape_area)(const Shape*);
} Shape_vtable_t;
static const
Shape_vtable_t
Shape_vtable = {actualShape_draw, actualShape_area};
void
Shape_draw(const Shape* s) { // virtual function
((Shape_vtable_t*)(s->V))->Shape_draw(s); }
double
Shape_area(const Shape* s) { // virtual function
return ((Shape_vtable_t*)(s->V))->Shape_area(s); }
Shape*
Shape_initialize(Shape* s,
const
void* v,
const
Point* p,
const
Color* c) {
s->V = v;
Point_initialize(&(s->P), Point_x(p), Point_y(p));
Color_initialize(&(s->C), Color_red(c), Color_green(c),
Color_blue(c));
return s; }
// constructors
Shape
Shape_createExplicitShape(
const Point* p,
const Color* c) {
Shape s;
Shape_initialize(&s, (const void*)(&Shape_vtable), p, c);
return s; }
Shape
Shape_createDefault(void) {
Shape s;
Point p = Point_createDefault();
Color c = Color_createDefault();
Shape_initialize(&s, (const void*)(&Shape_vtable), &p, &c);
Color_destroy(&c);
Point_destroy(&p);
return s; }
Shape*
Shape_newExplicitShape(
const Point* p,
const Color* c) {
Shape* s = (Shape*)malloc(sizeof(Shape));
Shape_initialize(s, (const void*)(&Shape_vtable), p, c);
return s; }
Shape*
Shape_newDefault(void) {
Shape* s = (Shape*)malloc(sizeof(Shape));
Point p = Point_createDefault();
Color c = Color_createDefault();
Shape_initialize(s, (const void*)(&Shape_vtable), &p, &c);
Color_destroy(&c);
Point_destroy(&p);
return s; }
// destructors
void
Shape_destroy(const Shape* s) {
Color_destroy(Shape_color(s));
Point_destroy(Shape_point(s));
}
void
Shape_delete(const Shape* s) {
Shape_destroy(s);
free((void*)s); }
cat Circle.h #ifndef GUARD_Circle_h
#define GUARD_Circle_h 1
#include<Shape.h>
typedef struct Circle {
Shape S; // public base class
double R; // radius
} Circle;
// functions
const Shape*
Circle_shape(const Circle* c);
double
Circle_radius(const Circle* c);
void
actualCircle_draw(const Circle* c);
double
actualCircle_area(const Circle* c);
void
Circle_draw(const Circle* c); // virtual function
double
Circle_area(const Circle* c); // virtual function
Circle*
Circle_initialize(Circle* c, const Shape* s, double r);
// constructors
Circle
Circle_createDefault(void);
Circle
Circle_createExplicit(const Shape* s, double r);
Circle*
Circle_newDefault(void);
Circle*
Circle_newExplicit(const Shape* s, double r);
// destructors
void
Circle_destroy(const Circle* c);
void
Circle_delete(const Circle* c);
#endif // GUARD_Circle_h
cat Circle.c // gcc -Wall -std=c99 -pedantic -I. -O2 -c Circle.c
#include<math.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<Circle.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
// functions
const Shape*
Circle_shape(const Circle* c) {
return &(c->S); }
double
Circle_radius(const Circle* c) {
return c->R; }
void
actualCircle_draw(const Circle* c) {
fprintf(stderr, "Circle_draw(const Circle*)\n");
fflush(stderr); }
double
actualCircle_area(const Circle* c) {
const
double pi = 3.14159265358979323846;
const
double r = Circle_radius(c);
fprintf(stderr, "Circle_area(const Circle*)\n");
fflush(stderr);
return pi*r*r; }
typedef struct Circle_vtable_t {
void (*Circle_draw)(const Circle*);
double (*Circle_area)(const Circle*);
} Circle_vtable_t;
static const
Circle_vtable_t
Circle_vtable = {actualCircle_draw, actualCircle_area};
void
Circle_draw(const Circle* c) { // virtual function
((Circle_vtable_t*)(c->S.V))->Circle_draw(c);
}
double
Circle_area(const Circle* c) { // virtual function
return ((Circle_vtable_t*)(c->S.V))->Circle_area(c);
}
Circle*
Circle_initialize(Circle* c, const Shape* s, double r) {
Shape_initialize(&(c->S),
(void*)(&Circle_vtable),
Shape_point(s),
Shape_color(s));
c->R = r;
return c; }
// constructors
Circle
Circle_createExplicit(const Shape* s, double r) {
Circle c;
Circle_initialize(&c, s, r);
return c; }
Circle
Circle_createDefault(void) {
Circle c;
const
Shape s = Shape_createDefault();
Circle_initialize(&c, &s, 0.0);
Shape_destroy(&s);
return c; }
Circle*
Circle_newExplicit(const Shape* s, double r) {
Circle* c = (Circle*)malloc(sizeof(Circle));
Circle_initialize(c, s, r);
return c; }
Circle*
Circle_newDefault(void) {
Circle* c = (Circle*)malloc(sizeof(Circle));
const
Shape s = Shape_createDefault();
Circle_initialize(c, &s, 0.0);
Shape_destroy(&s);
return c; }
// destructors
void
Circle_destroy(const Circle* c) {
Shape_destroy(Circle_shape(c));
}
void
Circle_delete(const Circle* c) {
Shape_destroy(Circle_shape(c));
free((void*)c); }
cat main.c // gcc -Wall -std=c99 -pedantic -I. -O2 -o main main.c Circle.o
Shape.o Color.o Point.o
#include<stdio.h>
#include<Circle.h>
int
main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
const
Shape s = Shape_createDefault();
const
Circle c = Circle_createExplicit(&s, 2.0);
Shape_draw((const Shape*)(&c));
fprintf(stdout, "%g = radius\t %g = area\n",
Circle_radius(&c), Shape_area((const Shape*)(&c)));
return 0;
}
cat Makefile
CC=gcc
DEFINES=
INCLUDE=-I.
OPTIONS=-Wall -std=c99 -pedantic -O2
LIBRARY=
OBJECTS=Point.o Color.o Shape.o Circle.o
SOURCES=Point.c Color.c Shape.c Circle.c
HEADERS=Point.h Color.h Shape.h Circle.h
library=
COMPILE=$(CC) $(DEFINES) $(INCLUDE) $(LIBRARY) $(OPTIONS)
main: $(HEADERS) $(OBJECTS) main.c
$(COMPILE) -o main main.c $(OBJECTS) $(library)
Point.o: Point.h Point.c
$(COMPILE) -c Point.c
Color.o: Color.h Color.c
$(COMPILE) -c Color.c
Shape.o: Shape.h Shape.c
$(COMPILE) -c Shape.c
Circle.o: Circle.h Circle.c
$(COMPILE) -c Circle.c
clean:
rm -f main $(OBJECTS)
