Is the name of a 2-dimensional array equal to address of [0][0] element?

[Luke Wu]

Hello,

I'm having some problems understanding 2 dimensional arrays. My
problem relates to the following code:

#include <stdio.h>

#define M 3
#define N 3

void ZeroInitArray(int **array, int m, int n); /* prototype */
int main(void)
{
int array[M][N];

int i, j;

for(i=0; i < M; i++)
{
for(j=0; j < N; j++)
{
array[i][j] = i * j;
}
}

ZeroInitArray(array, M, N);

return 0;

}
void ZeroInitArray(int **array, int m, int n)
{
int i, j;

for(i=0; i < m; i++)
{
for(j=0; j < n; j++)
{
array[i][j] = 0;
}
}
}
===END OF CODE===

Error message: My compiler reports that I am passing in an incorrect
pointer type.

I've read the FAQ on this subject, but still no enlightenment.

From what I understand, an array's name is equivalent to a pointer to

it's first element.

for example:

int x[5];

x = &x[0]; /* {pointer to first element) */
So what doesn't this apply to two dimensional arrays?

int x[5][5];

/* to me, this two dimensional array is in fact an array of arrays..
where x[0] is an array of int [5] and so is x[1], x[2] , .. , x[5]. So
x[0] would be equivalent to a pointer to the first element of it's
array.. &x[0][0]. So x[3] would be equivalent to &x[3][0]. The larger
array (that holds the subarrays) has the name x, and it would be
equivalent to the address of it's first element &x[0][0]. If this
address is sent properly to the receiving function I used, then there
should be no problem. Why is this illegal? Any insights would be
helpful */

[Chris Torek]

In article <11**********************@f14g2000cwb.googlegroups .com>
Luke Wu <Lo***********@gmail.com> wrote:

I'm having some problems understanding 2 dimensional arrays.
See the comp.lang.c FAQ, section 6 (sounds like you did already),
and/or <http://web.torek.net/torek/c/pa.html>.

[snippage]
From what I understand, an array's name is equivalent to a pointer to
its first element.
It gets *converted to* a pointer to the first element.
So what doesn't this apply to two dimensional arrays?
The trick is that C does not *have* two-dimensional arrays...
int x[5][5];

/* to me, this two dimensional array is in fact an array of arrays..
where x[0] is an array of int [5] and so is x[1], x[2] , .. , x[5]. So
x[0] would be equivalent to a pointer to the first element of it's
array..
All good so far, but here is where you go wrong:
&x[0][0].

A pointer to the first element of the array "x" is &x[0], not
&x[0][0]. See <http://web.torek.net/torek/c/pa.html>, and note
the "size of the circle" parts (in this case, compare the red and
black circles). These are determined by the types: &x[0] has type
"pointer to array 5 of int" or "int (*)[5]". This type is not
compatible with "int **", because "int **" does not point to a
5-int-wide circle; and indeed, trying to force it to fit (via a
cast, for instance) will produce code that fails at runtime, on
typical implementations.
--
In-Real-Life: Chris Torek, Wind River Systems
Salt Lake City, UT, USA (40°39.22'N, 111°50.29'W) [phone]
email: forget about it http://web.torek.net/torek/index.html
Reading email is like searching for food in the garbage, thanks to spammers.

[Luke Wu]

So then is this assumption wrong?:

sample[A][b][C][D]; /* assume we declared 4 dimensional matrix */

sample[a][b][c][d] == *(*(*(*(sample+d)+c)+b)+a); yes or no?
Thank you

[Mathew Hendry]

"Luke Wu" <Lo***********@gmail.com> wrote in
<11**********************@f14g2000cwb.googlegroups .com>:

#define M 3
#define N 3
...
void ZeroInitArray(int **array, int m, int n); /* prototype */
...
int array[M][N];
...
ZeroInitArray(array, M, N);
...
Error message: My compiler reports that I am passing in an incorrect
pointer type.
Yes: you are attempting to pass a pointer to array to a function expecting a
pointer to pointer.
I've read the FAQ on this subject, but still no enlightenment.

From what I understand, an array's name is equivalent to a pointer to
it's first element.
No, an array's name refers to the array. In certain (most) situations, an
array expression "decays" to a pointer to its first element. One situation
where it doesn't is as an argument to the sizeof operator: 'sizeof array'
yields the total size of the array, not the size of a pointer to its first
element.
for example:

int x[5];

x = &x[0]; /* {pointer to first element) */

So what doesn't this apply to two dimensional arrays?

int x[5][5];
It does. However, just as an array of N int decays to a pointer to int, an
array of array of N int decays to a *pointer to array of N int*. There is no
further decay to a pointer to pointer to int. (If there were, what on earth
would it point at, remembering that the array contains ints, not pointers?)
/* to me, this two dimensional array is in fact an array of arrays..
where x[0] is an array of int [5] and so is x[1], x[2] , .. , x[5]. So
x[0] would be equivalent to a pointer to the first element of it's
array.. &x[0][0]. So x[3] would be equivalent to &x[3][0]. The larger
array (that holds the subarrays) has the name x, and it would be
equivalent to the address of it's first element &x[0][0]. If this
address is sent properly to the receiving function I used, then there
should be no problem. Why is this illegal? Any insights would be
helpful */

You're nearly there. The key is that the decay from array to pointer only
happens to the outermost array. I'd suggest reading and digesting the FAQ
entries on this again; they explain it a lot better than I can. :)

-- Mat.

[Peter Nilsson]

Luke Wu wrote:

So then is this assumption wrong?:

sample[A][b][C][D]; /* assume we declared 4 dimensional matrix */

sample[a][b][c][d] == *(*(*(*(sample+d)+c)+b)+a); yes or no?

No.

sample[a] == *(sample + a)
sample[a][b] == *( sample[a] + b ) == *( *(sample + a) + b )
....

--
Peter

[Luke Wu]

I understand now.

I think my confusion started with the fact that I didn't realize that
multidimensional arrays are in fact stored in continguous storage
elements and that the second dimension was just a way to step over
large chunks of this contiguous array. I was assuming that there was
an intermediate array (with pointers that pointed to different arrays
of the last dimension) - much like one would do with dynamically
allocated arrays using MALLOC.

My prof should have just pointed us to the FAQ associated with this
newsgroup instead of the horrid textbooks out there (Learn C in 21
seconds, etc. etc.).
Peter Nilsson wrote:

Luke Wu wrote:

So then is this assumption wrong?:

sample[A][b][C][D]; /* assume we declared 4 dimensional matrix */

sample[a][b][c][d] == *(*(*(*(sample+d)+c)+b)+a); yes or no?

No.

sample[a] == *(sample + a)
sample[a][b] == *( sample[a] + b ) == *( *(sample + a) + b )
...

--
Peter

[pete]

Luke Wu wrote:

I understand now.

I think my confusion started with the fact that I didn't realize that
multidimensional arrays are in fact stored in continguous storage
elements and that the second dimension was just a way to step over
large chunks of this contiguous array. I was assuming that there was
an intermediate array (with pointers that pointed to different arrays
of the last dimension) - much like one would do with dynamically
allocated arrays using MALLOC.

My prof should have just pointed us to the FAQ associated with this
newsgroup instead of the horrid textbooks out there (Learn C in 21
seconds, etc. etc.).

There's an html C89 last draft at:
http://dev.unicals.com/papers/c89-draft.html
and an N869 at:
http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n869/

I recommend starting by reading "definition of terms"
and "use of the library" first.
In C89 draft that would be:
1.6 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
4. LIBRARY
4.1 INTRODUCTION
in N869:
3. Terms and definitions
7. Library
7.1 Introduction

After that, the descriptions of the functions in the
standard library are pretty easy to read, as long as you
remember to read the introduction to the header first.
In other words, before reading N869
7.21.2.1 The memcpy function
you should first review
7.21.1 String function conventions

--
pete

[Lawrence Kirby]

On Mon, 17 Jan 2005 19:25:35 -0800, Luke Wu wrote:

I understand now.

I think my confusion started with the fact that I didn't realize that
multidimensional arrays are in fact stored in continguous storage
elements and that the second dimension was just a way to step over
large chunks of this contiguous array. I was assuming that there was
an intermediate array (with pointers that pointed to different arrays
of the last dimension) - much like one would do with dynamically
allocated arrays using MALLOC.

Both layouts can be achieved with or without using malloc(), for example
int (*p)[5] = malloc(4 * sizeof *p);

will (if malloc succeeds) create an object that we can access through p
with the same layout as

int a[4][5];

e.g. p[3][1] accesses an equivalent element to a[3][1]. The magic is in
the type, p here is a pointer to an array of 5 ints. p[3] selects a
particular sub-array of 5 ints and p[3][1] selects an int from that
subarray.

Lawrence

[Luke Wu]

Lawrence Kirby wrote:

On Mon, 17 Jan 2005 19:25:35 -0800, Luke Wu wrote:

I understand now.

I think my confusion started with the fact that I didn't realize that multidimensional arrays are in fact stored in continguous storage
elements and that the second dimension was just a way to step over
large chunks of this contiguous array. I was assuming that there was an intermediate array (with pointers that pointed to different arrays of the last dimension) - much like one would do with dynamically
allocated arrays using MALLOC.
Both layouts can be achieved with or without using malloc(), for

example

int (*p)[5] = malloc(4 * sizeof *p);

will (if malloc succeeds) create an object that we can access through p with the same layout as

int a[4][5];

e.g. p[3][1] accesses an equivalent element to a[3][1]. The magic is in the type, p here is a pointer to an array of 5 ints. p[3] selects a
particular sub-array of 5 ints and p[3][1] selects an int from that
subarray.

Lawrence

So as far as the C standard is concerned, are the following true for a
multidimensional array? (i.e., int array[3][3]; )

1. array[1][2] < array [2][0]
1a. array[1][2] + 1 == array[2][0]
2. array[0][3] == array [1][0]
3. array[2] > array [1] > array [0]

I've seen some sample programs where a multidimensional array is passed
to a function, but inside the function the array is treated as a single
dimensional array to step through the elements. Is this a fair
treatment under the C standard?

===
From everyone's help, I'm coming to the realization that there are not

real multidimensional arrays in C, but only 2 types of simulated arrays
(1. contiguous elements, and 2. intermediate array with poitners to
subarrays - where traditional declaration using int array[A][b] uses
array type 1.)

Thanks everyone

[Lawrence Kirby]

On Tue, 18 Jan 2005 09:35:26 -0800, Luke Wu wrote:

Lawrence Kirby wrote:

On Mon, 17 Jan 2005 19:25:35 -0800, Luke Wu wrote:

> I understand now.
>
> I think my confusion started with the fact that I didn't realize that > multidimensional arrays are in fact stored in continguous storage
> elements and that the second dimension was just a way to step over
> large chunks of this contiguous array. I was assuming that there was > an intermediate array (with pointers that pointed to different arrays > of the last dimension) - much like one would do with dynamically
> allocated arrays using MALLOC.
Both layouts can be achieved with or without using malloc(), for

example

int (*p)[5] = malloc(4 * sizeof *p);

will (if malloc succeeds) create an object that we can access through

p

with the same layout as

int a[4][5];

e.g. p[3][1] accesses an equivalent element to a[3][1]. The magic is

in

the type, p here is a pointer to an array of 5 ints. p[3] selects a
particular sub-array of 5 ints and p[3][1] selects an int from that
subarray.

Lawrence

So as far as the C standard is concerned, are the following true for a
multidimensional array? (i.e., int array[3][3]; )

This is a subject that has been open to much debate. AS such is is best to
take a conservative view. It is important to remember that C doesn't have
multidimensional arrays as such, it has arrays whose elements can also be
arrays. There are objects within objects. So array[1] is an array of 3
ints, array[2] is different array of 3 ints, although both are contained
within array.
1. array[1][2] < array [2][0]
I'll assume for all of these that you meant to compare the addresses of
the elements.

array[1] and array[2] are different arrays and relational comparisons
compare pointers to elements of the same array. So this has undefined
behaviour.
1a. array[1][2] + 1 == array[2][0]
&array[1][2]+1 is a valid pointer for some purposes, but for boundary
reasons is not a valid pointer to array[2][0]. It is a tricky case, but
portable code should not assume that it works.
2. array[0][3] == array [1][0]
Same issues as 1a.
3. array[2] > array [1] > array [0]
That's fine, also true with array[3].
I've seen some sample programs where a multidimensional array is passed
to a function, but inside the function the array is treated as a single
dimensional array to step through the elements. Is this a fair
treatment under the C standard?

It depends on how the code does it. For example in

int *p = &array[0][0];

p should only be used to point to elements of array[0]. If you write one
of

int *p = (int *)array;
int *p = (int *)&array;

you are on safer ground. While C doesn't require a pointer to know how big
the array it is pointing into is, it is *allowed* to contain boundary
information, and operations may fail if those boundaries are violated. In
this case you want such boundary information to relate to the top level
array rather than a subarray.

Lawrence