Problem with sets and Unicode strings

[Dennis Benzinger]

Hi!

The following program in an UTF-8 encoded file:
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-

FIELDS = ("Fächer", )
FROZEN_FIELDS = frozenset(FIELDS)
FIELDS_SET = set(FIELDS)

print u"Fächer" in FROZEN_FIELDS
print u"Fächer" in FIELDS_SET
print u"Fächer" in FIELDS
gives this output
False
False
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test.py", line 9, in ?
print u"FÀcher" in FIELDS
UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xc3 in position 1:
ordinal not in range(128)
Why do the first two print statements succeed and the third one fails
with an exception?

Why does the use of set/frozenset remove the exception?
Thanks,
Dennis

[Serge Orlov]

On 6/27/06, Dennis Benzinger <De**************@gmx.net> wrote:

Hi!

The following program in an UTF-8 encoded file:
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-

FIELDS = ("Fächer", )
FROZEN_FIELDS = frozenset(FIELDS)
FIELDS_SET = set(FIELDS)

print u"Fächer" in FROZEN_FIELDS
print u"Fächer" in FIELDS_SET
print u"Fächer" in FIELDS
gives this output
False
False
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test.py", line 9, in ?
print u"FÀcher" in FIELDS
UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xc3 in position 1:
ordinal not in range(128)
Why do the first two print statements succeed and the third one fails
with an exception?
Actually all three statements fail to produce correct result.
Why does the use of set/frozenset remove the exception?

Because sets use hash algorithm to find matches, whereas the last
statement directly compares a unicode string with a byte string. Byte
strings can only contain ascii characters, that's why python raises an
exception. The problem is very easy to fix: use unicode strings for
all non-ascii strings.

[Dennis Benzinger]

Serge Orlov wrote:

On 6/27/06, Dennis Benzinger <De**************@gmx.net> wrote:

Hi!

The following program in an UTF-8 encoded file:
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-

FIELDS = ("Fächer", )
FROZEN_FIELDS = frozenset(FIELDS)
FIELDS_SET = set(FIELDS)

print u"Fächer" in FROZEN_FIELDS
print u"Fächer" in FIELDS_SET
print u"Fächer" in FIELDS
gives this output
False
False
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test.py", line 9, in ?
print u"FÀcher" in FIELDS
UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xc3 in position 1:
ordinal not in range(128)
Why do the first two print statements succeed and the third one fails
with an exception?
Actually all three statements fail to produce correct result.

So this is a bug in Python?
frozenset remove the exception?

Because sets use hash algorithm to find matches, whereas the last
statement directly compares a unicode string with a byte string. Byte
strings can only contain ascii characters, that's why python raises an
exception. The problem is very easy to fix: use unicode strings for
all non-ascii strings.

No, byte strings contain characters which are at least 8-bit wide
<http://docs.python.org/ref/types.html>. But I don't understand what
Python is trying to decode and why the exception says something about
the ASCII codec, because my file is encoded with UTF-8.
Dennis

[Serge Orlov]

On 6/27/06, Dennis Benzinger <De**************@gmx.net> wrote:

Serge Orlov wrote:

On 6/27/06, Dennis Benzinger <De**************@gmx.net> wrote:

Hi!

The following program in an UTF-8 encoded file:
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-

FIELDS = ("Fächer", )
FROZEN_FIELDS = frozenset(FIELDS)
FIELDS_SET = set(FIELDS)

print u"Fächer" in FROZEN_FIELDS
print u"Fächer" in FIELDS_SET
print u"Fächer" in FIELDS
gives this output
False
False
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test.py", line 9, in ?
print u"FÀcher" in FIELDS
UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xc3 in position 1:
ordinal not in range(128)
Why do the first two print statements succeed and the third one fails
with an exception?
Actually all three statements fail to produce correct result.

So this is a bug in Python?

No.

frozenset remove the exception?

Because sets use hash algorithm to find matches, whereas the last
statement directly compares a unicode string with a byte string. Byte
strings can only contain ascii characters, that's why python raises an
exception. The problem is very easy to fix: use unicode strings for
all non-ascii strings.

No, byte strings contain characters which are at least 8-bit wide
<http://docs.python.org/ref/types.html>.

Yes, but later it's written that non-ascii characters do not have
universal meaning assigned to them. In other words if you put byte
0xE4 into a bytes string all python knows about it is that it's *some*
character. If you put character U+00E4 into a unicode string python
knows it's a "latin small letter a with diaeresis". Trying to compare
*some* character with a specific character is obviously undefined.
But I don't understand what
Python is trying to decode and why the exception says something about
the ASCII codec, because my file is encoded with UTF-8.

Because byte strings can come from different sources (network, files,
etc) not only from the sources of your program python cannot assume
all of them are utf-8. It assumes they are ascii, because most of
wide-spread text encodings are ascii bases. Actually it's a guess,
since there are utf-16, utf-32 and other non-ascii encodings. If you
want to experience the life without guesses put
sys.setdefaultencoding("undefined") into site.py

[Robert Kern]

Dennis Benzinger wrote:

Serge Orlov wrote:

On 6/27/06, Dennis Benzinger <De**************@gmx.net> wrote:

Hi!

The following program in an UTF-8 encoded file:
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-

FIELDS = ("Fächer", )
FROZEN_FIELDS = frozenset(FIELDS)
FIELDS_SET = set(FIELDS)

print u"Fächer" in FROZEN_FIELDS
print u"Fächer" in FIELDS_SET
print u"Fächer" in FIELDS
gives this output
False
False
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test.py", line 9, in ?
print u"FÀcher" in FIELDS
UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xc3 in position 1:
ordinal not in range(128)
Why do the first two print statements succeed and the third one fails
with an exception?

Actually all three statements fail to produce correct result.

So this is a bug in Python?

No.

frozenset remove the exception?

Because sets use hash algorithm to find matches, whereas the last
statement directly compares a unicode string with a byte string. Byte
strings can only contain ascii characters, that's why python raises an
exception. The problem is very easy to fix: use unicode strings for
all non-ascii strings.

No, byte strings contain characters which are at least 8-bit wide
<http://docs.python.org/ref/types.html>. But I don't understand what
Python is trying to decode and why the exception says something about
the ASCII codec, because my file is encoded with UTF-8.

Please read

http://www.amk.ca/python/howto/unicode

The string in all of the containers (FIELDS, FROZEN_FIELDS, FIELDS_SET) is a
regular byte string, not a Unicode string. The encoding declaration only
controls how the file is parsed. The string literal that you use for FIELDS is a
regular string literal, not a Unicode string literal, so the object it creates
is an 8-bit byte string. The tuple containment test is attempting to compare
your Unicode string object to the regular string object for equality. Python
does these comparisons by attempting to decode the regular string into a Unicode
string. Since there is no encoding information present on regular strings at
this point (since the encoding declaration in your file only controls parsing,
nothing else), Python assumes ASCII and throws an exception otherwise.

--
Robert Kern

"I have come to believe that the whole world is an enigma, a harmless enigma
that is made terrible by our own mad attempt to interpret it as though it had
an underlying truth."
-- Umberto Eco

[Laurent Pointal]

Dennis Benzinger a écrit :

No, byte strings contain characters which are at least 8-bit wide
<http://docs.python.org/ref/types.html>. But I don't understand what
Python is trying to decode and why the exception says something about
the ASCII codec, because my file is encoded with UTF-8.

[addendum to others replies]

The file encoding directive is used by Python to convert u"xxx" strings
into unicode objects using right conversion rules when compiling the code.
When a string is written simply with "xxx", its a 8 bits string with NO
encoding data associated. When these strings must be converted they are
considered to be using sys.getdefaultencoding() [generally ascii -
forced ascii in python 2.5]

So a short reply: the utf8 directive has no effect on 8 bits strings,
use unicode strings to manage correctly non-ascii texts.

A+

Laurent.

[Dennis Benzinger]

Serge Orlov wrote:

On 6/27/06, Dennis Benzinger <De**************@gmx.net> wrote:

Serge Orlov wrote:

> On 6/27/06, Dennis Benzinger <De**************@gmx.net> wrote:
>> Hi!
>>
>> The following program in an UTF-8 encoded file:
>>
>>
>> # -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
>>
>> FIELDS = ("Fächer", )
>> FROZEN_FIELDS = frozenset(FIELDS)
>> FIELDS_SET = set(FIELDS)
>>
>> print u"Fächer" in FROZEN_FIELDS
>> print u"Fächer" in FIELDS_SET
>> print u"Fächer" in FIELDS
>>
>>
>> gives this output
>>
>>
>> False
>> False
>> Traceback (most recent call last):
>> File "test.py", line 9, in ?
>> print u"FÀcher" in FIELDS
>> UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xc3 in

position 1:

>> ordinal not in range(128)
>>
>>
>> Why do the first two print statements succeed and the third one fails
>> with an exception?
>
> Actually all three statements fail to produce correct result.

So this is a bug in Python?

No.

> frozenset remove the exception?
>
> Because sets use hash algorithm to find matches, whereas the last
> statement directly compares a unicode string with a byte string. Byte
> strings can only contain ascii characters, that's why python raises an
> exception. The problem is very easy to fix: use unicode strings for
> all non-ascii strings.

No, byte strings contain characters which are at least 8-bit wide
<http://docs.python.org/ref/types.html>.

Yes, but later it's written that non-ascii characters do not have
universal meaning assigned to them. In other words if you put byte
0xE4 into a bytes string all python knows about it is that it's *some*
character. If you put character U+00E4 into a unicode string python
knows it's a "latin small letter a with diaeresis". Trying to compare
*some* character with a specific character is obviously undefined.
[...]

But <http://docs.python.org/ref/comparisons.html> says:

Strings are compared lexicographically using the numeric equivalents
(the result of the built-in function ord()) of their characters. Unicode
and 8-bit strings are fully interoperable in this behavior.

Doesn't this mean that Unicode and 8-bit strings can be compared and
this comparison is well defined? (even if it's is not meaningful)

Thanks for your anwsers,
Dennis

[Dennis Benzinger]

Robert Kern wrote:

Dennis Benzinger wrote:

Serge Orlov wrote:

On 6/27/06, Dennis Benzinger <De**************@gmx.net> wrote:
Hi!

The following program in an UTF-8 encoded file:
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-

FIELDS = ("Fächer", )
FROZEN_FIELDS = frozenset(FIELDS)
FIELDS_SET = set(FIELDS)

print u"Fächer" in FROZEN_FIELDS
print u"Fächer" in FIELDS_SET
print u"Fächer" in FIELDS
gives this output
False
False
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test.py", line 9, in ?
print u"FÀcher" in FIELDS
UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xc3 in position 1:
ordinal not in range(128)
Why do the first two print statements succeed and the third one fails
with an exception?
Actually all three statements fail to produce correct result.

So this is a bug in Python?

No.
[...]

But I'd say that it's not intuitive that for sets x in y can be false
(without raising an exception!) while the doing the same with a tuple
raises an exception. Where is this difference documented?
Thanks,
Dennis

[Diez B. Roggisch]

> But <http://docs.python.org/ref/comparisons.html> says:

Strings are compared lexicographically using the numeric equivalents
(the result of the built-in function ord()) of their characters. Unicode
and 8-bit strings are fully interoperable in this behavior.

Doesn't this mean that Unicode and 8-bit strings can be compared and
this comparison is well defined? (even if it's is not meaningful)

Obviously not - otherwise you wouldn't have the problems you'd observed,
wouldn't you?

What happens of course is that in case of string to unicode-comparison, the
string gets coerced to an unicode value - using the default encoding!
# -*- coding: latin1 -*-

print "ö".decode("latin1") == u"ö"
print "ö" == u"ö"

So - they are fully interoperable and the comparison is well defined - when
the coercion is successful.

Diez

[Diez B. Roggisch]

> But I'd say that it's not intuitive that for sets x in y can be false

(without raising an exception!) while the doing the same with a tuple
raises an exception. Where is this difference documented?

2.3.7 Set Types -- set, frozenset

....

Set elements are like dictionary keys; they need to define both __hash__ and
__eq__ methods.
....

And it has to hold that

a == b => hash(a) == hash(b)

but NOT

hash(a) == hash(b) => a == b

Thus if the hashes vary, the set doesn't bother to actually compare the
values.

Diez

[Dennis Benzinger]

Diez B. Roggisch wrote:

But I'd say that it's not intuitive that for sets x in y can be false
(without raising an exception!) while the doing the same with a tuple
raises an exception. Where is this difference documented?

2.3.7 Set Types -- set, frozenset

...

Set elements are like dictionary keys; they need to define both __hash__ and
__eq__ methods.
...

And it has to hold that

a == b => hash(a) == hash(b)

but NOT

hash(a) == hash(b) => a == b

Thus if the hashes vary, the set doesn't bother to actually compare the
values.
[...]

Ok, I understand.
But isn't it a (minor) problem that using a set like this:

# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-

FIELDS_SET = set(("Fächer", ))
print u"Fächer" in FIELDS_SET
print u"Fächer" == "Fächer"
shadows the error of not setting sys.defaultencoding()?
Dennis

[Robert Kern]

Dennis Benzinger wrote:

Ok, I understand.
But isn't it a (minor) problem that using a set like this:

# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-

FIELDS_SET = set(("Fächer", ))

print u"Fächer" in FIELDS_SET
print u"Fächer" == "Fächer"

shadows the error of not setting sys.defaultencoding()?

You can't set the default encoding. If you could, then scripts that run on your
machine wouldn't run on mine.

If there's an error, it's the fact that you use a regular string at the
beginning ("Fächer") and a unicode string later (u"Fächer"). But set objects
can't know that that's the problem or even if it *is* a problem.

--
Robert Kern

"I have come to believe that the whole world is an enigma, a harmless enigma
that is made terrible by our own mad attempt to interpret it as though it had
an underlying truth."
-- Umberto Eco

[Dennis Benzinger]

Robert Kern wrote:

Dennis Benzinger wrote:

Ok, I understand.
But isn't it a (minor) problem that using a set like this:

# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-

FIELDS_SET = set(("Fächer", ))

print u"Fächer" in FIELDS_SET
print u"Fächer" == "Fächer"

shadows the error of not setting sys.defaultencoding()?

You can't set the default encoding. If you could, then scripts that run
on your machine wouldn't run on mine.
[...]

As Serge Orlov wrote in one of his posts you _can_ set the default
encoding (at least in site.py). See
<http://docs.python.org/lib/module-sys.html>
Bye,
Dennis

[Robert Kern]

Dennis Benzinger wrote:

Robert Kern wrote:

Dennis Benzinger wrote:

Ok, I understand.
But isn't it a (minor) problem that using a set like this:

# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-

FIELDS_SET = set(("Fächer", ))

print u"Fächer" in FIELDS_SET
print u"Fächer" == "Fächer"

shadows the error of not setting sys.defaultencoding()?

You can't set the default encoding. If you could, then scripts that run
on your machine wouldn't run on mine.
[...]

As Serge Orlov wrote in one of his posts you _can_ set the default
encoding (at least in site.py). See
<http://docs.python.org/lib/module-sys.html>

Okay, *don't* set the default encoding to anything other than 'ascii'. Doing so
would be an error, not the other way around.

--
Robert Kern

"I have come to believe that the whole world is an enigma, a harmless enigma
that is made terrible by our own mad attempt to interpret it as though it had
an underlying truth."
-- Umberto Eco

[Fredrik Lundh]

Dennis Benzinger wrote:

shadows the error of not setting sys.defaultencoding()?

You can't set the default encoding. If you could, then scripts that run
on your machine wouldn't run on mine.
[...]

As Serge Orlov wrote in one of his posts you _can_ set the default
encoding (at least in site.py). See
<http://docs.python.org/lib/module-sys.html>

yes, but you're not supposed to do that, for several reasons, including
the reasons Robert provided: if you mess with the interpreter defaults,
code you write isn't portable, and code written by others may not work
on your machine.

the interpreter isn't fully encoding agnostic either; things are not
guaranteed to work properly if you're not using the default.

</F>