FM synthesis using Numpy

[Joost Molenaar]

Hello fellow Python coders,

I'm trying to build a simple FM synthesizer in Python. As a beginner,
I take 'FM synthesizer' to
mean: "using a sine wave to control the frequency of another sine wave."

I tried to generate a tone of 1000 Hz that deviates 15 Hz six times a
second. The start of the
resulting wave file sounds right, i.e., a vibrato effect can be heard.
After a second or so, the
vibrato becomes more and more extreme, as if the modulating
oscillator's amplitude is rising
over time. I suspect that I am misunderstanding the math. I tried a
couple of things:

- removing the factor 2 * num.pi from either of the oscillators does
not fix it, besides, doing so is
even more wrong because numpy.sin works with radians

- using a higher sampling frequency makes no difference

- making t run from 0 to 1 each second (t %= 1) causes a clipping of
the sound, so this seems
wrong too

- the problem is not related to Numpy, because the effect also happens
in pure-Python
implementations of my bug

As you can see, I'm at a loss and am even trying incorrect bugfixes.
Any help would be
very welcome.

Thanks for your time,

Joost Molenaar
[I left out a writewavheader function to aid brevity]
-------------------------------------------------------------------

import numpy as num

def oscillator(x, freq=1, amp=1, base=0, phase=0):
return base + amp * num.sin(2 * num.pi * freq * x + phase)

def writewav(filename, data):
wave = open(filename, 'wb')

# .wav header: 30 s at 44100 Hz, 1 channel of 16 bit signed samples
wave.write('RIFF\x14`(\x00WAVEfmt \x10\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x01\x00D'
'\xac\x00\x00\x88X\x01\x00\x02\x00\x10\x00data\xf0 _(\x00')

# write float64 data as signed int16
(32767 * data).astype(num.int16).tofile(wave)

wave.close()

t = num.arange(0, 30, 1./44100)

freq = oscillator(t, freq=6, amp=15, base=1000)
tone = oscillator(t, freq=freq, amp=0.1)

writewav('spam.wav', tone)
-------------------------------------------------------------------

[Bas]

You got your math wrong. What you are calculating is:
sin(2*pi*(1000+15*sin(2*pi*6*t))*t) = sin(2*pi*1000*t +
2*pi*15*sin(2*pi*6*t)*t)
The 'instantaneous frequency' can be calculated by differentiating the
argument of the sine and dividing by 2pi:
x = sin(phi(t)) -f_inst = d (phi(t)) / dt / (2*pi)
So in your case:
f_inst = 1000 + 15*sin(2*pi*6*t) + 2*pi*t*6*15*cos(2*pi*6*t)
the last term explains the effect you hear.

What you want is:
f_inst = f0 + df*cos(2*pi*fm*t)
Integrating this and multiplying by 2pi gives the phase:
phi(t) = 2*pi*f0*t + sin(2*pi*fm*t)*df/fm

So you can achieve the frequency modulation by using phase modulation
(these two are related). You can do this with your own code by

phi = oscillator(t, freq=6, amp=15/6)
tone = oscillator(t, freq=1000, amp=0.1, phase=phi)

cheers,
Bas

[Joost Molenaar]

Thanks/bedankt Bas for the educative reply. I think I got misleaded by
Max/MSP's tutorial[1], because MSP seems to automatically adjust the
phase when you combine two oscillators in the way that I did.

Joost

[1] page 112 of http://www.cycling74.com/download/MS...sAndTopics.pdf