Multiple and virtual inheritance, and downcasting

[Stuart Golodetz]

Hi,

I've got a minor casting issue which I need to check about (marked // <--).
I was trying to do a static_cast on it (which didn't work, though I'm not
sure why this should be the case?) I also tried reinterpret_cast (which is
clearly an exceedingly dodgy thing to do; it worked, but I'm not sure
whether it should have worked, or whether (the more likely scenario) it was
just coincidence?) Finally, after a bit of trawling through the FAQ, I
found:

"[25.13] What special considerations do I need to know about when I use a
class that uses virtual inheritance?
No C-style downcasts; use dynamic_cast instead.

(Rest to be written.)"

Having read that, I think the actual solution to the problem is fairly clear
(use dynamic_cast), but I'm curious to know why it's necessary there (and
whether reinterpret_cast would actually work). This is probably going to be
an example of premature optimization, but this is a (clearly very basic)
testbed for an events subsystem in my engine, and I'm expecting there to be
lots of events around at once, hence if the (albeit slight) overhead of
dynamic_cast could be avoided by using reinterpret_cast (the loss of a
safety net is not that much of an issue here), that would be preferable.
Obviously, if dynamic_cast is the only (defined :-)) way to go, so be it.

#include <iostream>

class EventBase
{
protected:
int m_flags;
public:
enum // event flags
{
EF_AUDIBLE = 1,
EF_VISIBLE = 2
};

EventBase()
: m_flags(0)
{}

virtual ~EventBase() {}

int flags() const
{
return m_flags;
}
};

class EventAudible : virtual public EventBase
{
public:
EventAudible()
{
m_flags |= EF_AUDIBLE;
}

void do_audible_thing()
{
std::cout << "audible thing\n";
}
};

class EventVisible : virtual public EventBase
{
public:
EventVisible()
{
m_flags |= EF_VISIBLE;
}

void do_visible_thing()
{
std::cout << "visible thing\n";
}
};

class EventPlayerFiresWeapon : public EventAudible, public EventVisible
{
};

int main()
{
EventBase *pBase = new EventPlayerFiresWeapon;
int flags = pBase->flags();
std::cout << flags << '\n';
if(flags & EventBase::EF_AUDIBLE)
{
EventAudible *p = dynamic_cast<EventAudible*>(pBase); // <--
p->do_audible_thing();
}
//...
delete pBase;

return 0;
}

TIA,

Stuart.

P.S. I welcome any and all comments on the design itself - if it's bad, I'd
rather know now :-)
P.P.S. There are a couple of obvious placeholder functions in the above
design; in the actual thing, there would instead be things like:

class EventAudible
{
//...
virtual int magnitude() const; // used by the event manager to
determine the radius of sphere within which the sound is audible, in order
to notify nearby entities
//...
};

In other words, the above cast will be necessary in the final design as it
stands at the moment.

[Stuart Golodetz]

"Rolf Magnus" <ra******@t-online.de> wrote in message
news:bi*************@news.t-online.com...

Stuart Golodetz wrote:

Hi,

I've got a minor casting issue which I need to check about (marked //
<--). I was trying to do a static_cast on it (which didn't work,
though I'm not sure why this should be the case?) I also tried
reinterpret_cast (which is clearly an exceedingly dodgy thing to do;
it worked, but I'm not sure whether it should have worked, or whether
(the more likely scenario) it was just coincidence?)

It was just coincidence.

Ok, won't be using that then... :-)

Having read that, I think the actual solution to the problem is fairly
clear (use dynamic_cast), but I'm curious to know why it's necessary
there (and whether reinterpret_cast would actually work). This is
probably going to be an example of premature optimization, but this is
a (clearly very basic) testbed for an events subsystem in my engine,
and I'm expecting there to be lots of events around at once, hence if
the (albeit slight) overhead of dynamic_cast could be avoided by using
reinterpret_cast (the loss of a safety net is not that much of an
issue here), that would be preferable. Obviously, if dynamic_cast is
the only (defined :-)) way to go, so be it.

I think dynamic_cast is the way to go.

Fair enough. Out of interest, why is downcasting with virtual inheritance
only allowed if you use dynamic_cast? Is there an obvious problem with using
static_cast that I'm missing? (Clearly I'm talking about the case where the
cast is valid, i.e. where dynamic_cast would not result in NULL)

int main()
{
EventBase *pBase = new EventPlayerFiresWeapon;
int flags = pBase->flags();
std::cout << flags << '\n';
if(flags & EventBase::EF_AUDIBLE)
{
EventAudible *p = dynamic_cast<EventAudible*>(pBase); //
<-- p->do_audible_thing();
}

Since you use dynamic_cast anyway, you can leave out your flag and
directly write:

if (EventAudible *p = dynamic_cast<EventAudible*>(pBase))
{
p->do_audible_thing();
}

Thanks :-)

Out of interest BTW, roughly what sort of overhead am I incurring by turning
on RTTI? Presumably if it was negligible, it would be turned on by default?
And is turning it on going to slow all my code down, or will only the bit
which uses dynamic_cast be slow (if it's the latter, then it's probably no
big deal)? I know this all sounds a lot like premature optimization, but I
usually find that my code is slow enough without my needing to find new and
innovative ways to make it even slower. :-) I'd just like to know how much
all this is costing me, really.

TIA,

Stuart.

//...
delete pBase;

return 0;
}

TIA,

Stuart.

P.S. I welcome any and all comments on the design itself - if it's
bad, I'd rather know now :-)
P.P.S. There are a couple of obvious placeholder functions in the
above design; in the actual thing, there would instead be things like:

class EventAudible
{
//...
virtual int magnitude() const; // used by the event manager to
determine the radius of sphere within which the sound is audible, in
order to notify nearby entities
//...
};

In other words, the above cast will be necessary in the final design
as it stands at the moment.

[Janusz Szpilewski]

Stuart Golodetz wrote:

"[25.13] What special considerations do I need to know about when I use a
class that uses virtual inheritance?
No C-style downcasts; use dynamic_cast instead.

(Rest to be written.)"

Having read that, I think the actual solution to the problem is fairly clear
(use dynamic_cast), but I'm curious to know why it's necessary there (and
whether reinterpret_cast would actually work).
Internal implementation of classes having virtual base classes is quite
complex. Usually such a virtual base is referenced by a pointer and it
may happen that such a base part is not even contiguous in the memory
with the derived object part.

Hence to make a correct cast to a class with virtual base classes some
runtime information about the actual (dynamic) type of the object being
casted may be required. Only dynamic_cast offers a possibility of
consulting the dynamic object type.

reinterpret_cast is implementation depended and may fail i.e., when the
address of an object with virtual base is not the same as its base
(think about multiple base classes).
int main()
{
EventBase *pBase = new EventPlayerFiresWeapon;
int flags = pBase->flags();
std::cout << flags << '\n';
if(flags & EventBase::EF_AUDIBLE)
{
EventAudible *p = dynamic_cast<EventAudible*>(pBase); // <--
p->do_audible_thing();
}
//...
delete pBase;

return 0;
}

Any casts being a standard technique of dealing with a class interface
are not a good idea. Your 'EventBase' class lacks a polymorphic method
like 'handleEvent' that when overriden knows more about its dynamic
object type and performs the right action:

EventBase *pBase = new EventPlayerFiresWeapon(/*some event specific data*/);
pBase->handleEvent(); // Overriden method calls do_audible_thing() etc.

So think how to replace all your dynamic type queries with polymorphism
and most likely you will not have to deal with casts at all.
Regards,
Janusz

[Chris \( Val \)]

"Stuart Golodetz" <sg*******@dial.pipex.com> wrote in message
news:3f*********************@news.dial.pipex.com.. .
| "Rolf Magnus" <ra******@t-online.de> wrote in message
| news:bi*************@news.t-online.com...

Hi Stuart.

You are better of avaoiding casts if you can.

Why not use polymorphism, and make use of
implicit conversion(s) through the virtual
mechanism ?.

#include <iostream>

class EventBase
{
protected:
int m_flags;
public:
enum // event flags
{
EF_AUDIBLE = 1,
EF_VISIBLE = 2
};

EventBase()
: m_flags(0)
{}

virtual ~EventBase() {}

int flags() const
{
return m_flags;
}

virtual void CheckCondition( const int& N ) = 0;
};

class EventAudible : virtual public EventBase
{
public:
EventAudible()
{
m_flags |= EF_AUDIBLE;
}

void do_audible_thing()
{
std::cout << "audible thing\n";
}
};

class EventVisible : virtual public EventBase
{
public:
EventVisible()
{
m_flags |= EF_VISIBLE;
}

void do_visible_thing()
{
std::cout << "visible thing\n";
}
};

class EventPlayerFiresWeapon : public EventAudible, public EventVisible
{
public:
void CheckCondition( const int& flags )
{
if( flags & EF_AUDIBLE )
do_audible_thing();
}

};

int main()
{
EventBase *pBase = new EventPlayerFiresWeapon;
pBase -> CheckCondition( pBase -> flags() );

delete pBase;

return 0;
}

You get the idea <g>.

Cheers.
Chris Val

[Stuart Golodetz]

"Janusz Szpilewski" <sz******@poczta.onet.pl> wrote in message
news:bi**********@news.onet.pl...

Stuart Golodetz wrote:

"[25.13] What special considerations do I need to know about when I use a class that uses virtual inheritance?
No C-style downcasts; use dynamic_cast instead.

(Rest to be written.)"

Having read that, I think the actual solution to the problem is fairly clear (use dynamic_cast), but I'm curious to know why it's necessary there (and whether reinterpret_cast would actually work).
Internal implementation of classes having virtual base classes is quite
complex. Usually such a virtual base is referenced by a pointer and it
may happen that such a base part is not even contiguous in the memory
with the derived object part.

Hence to make a correct cast to a class with virtual base classes some
runtime information about the actual (dynamic) type of the object being
casted may be required. Only dynamic_cast offers a possibility of
consulting the dynamic object type.

reinterpret_cast is implementation depended and may fail i.e., when the
address of an object with virtual base is not the same as its base
(think about multiple base classes).

Thanks, that's the reason I was looking for :-)

int main()
{
EventBase *pBase = new EventPlayerFiresWeapon;
int flags = pBase->flags();
std::cout << flags << '\n';
if(flags & EventBase::EF_AUDIBLE)
{
EventAudible *p = dynamic_cast<EventAudible*>(pBase); // <--
p->do_audible_thing();
}
//...
delete pBase;

return 0;
}

Any casts being a standard technique of dealing with a class interface
are not a good idea. Your 'EventBase' class lacks a polymorphic method
like 'handleEvent' that when overriden knows more about its dynamic
object type and performs the right action:

True enough, but I have a minor problem, namely that I don't want the event
classes to know anything about how to notify nearby entities that they have
occurred (the event manager does that), because that would mean the event
classes having to know about the level structure. I do on the other hand
have a virtual member function for specifying an action when an event
occurs, e.g. for a water particle hitting lava it might create steam
"particles". I agree that the casts are messy, but I'm not sure how to get
around the above problem. Casting (especially given that it's going to be
extremely limited, since events are only ever going to be visible or
audible - I'm not sure smellable events would enhance a game that much <g>)
seemed a slightly better option here than introducing extra dependencies,
but I'm not really sure about it. Any advice would be much appreciated.

Cheers,

Stuart.
EventBase *pBase = new EventPlayerFiresWeapon(/*some event specific data*/); pBase->handleEvent(); // Overriden method calls do_audible_thing() etc.

So think how to replace all your dynamic type queries with polymorphism
and most likely you will not have to deal with casts at all.
Regards,
Janusz

[Stuart Golodetz]

"Chris ( Val )" <ch******@bigpond.com.au> wrote in message
news:bi************@ID-110726.news.uni-berlin.de...

"Stuart Golodetz" <sg*******@dial.pipex.com> wrote in message
news:3f*********************@news.dial.pipex.com.. .
| "Rolf Magnus" <ra******@t-online.de> wrote in message
| news:bi*************@news.t-online.com...

Hi Stuart.

You are better of avaoiding casts if you can.
Agreed :-) There are (just counted) only 7 casts in my current project (of
which four are reinterpret_casts in one function loading in a binary file,
one is a static_cast to convert the result of sqrt from double to float, one
is casting (a pointer to the start of) an array of unsigned char to const
char *, and one is casting a GLubyte * to a char *). In a project with well
over 5000 lines of code, that's not many... :-) So in general, I would
certainly steer well clear of this dubious way of doing things. On the other
hand, I'm trying to avoid making my event classes dependent on my level
structure (see my reply to Janusz), which complicates matters a little. Any
ideas for avoiding both casting and the extraneous dependency would be much
appreciated. :-)
Why not use polymorphism, and make use of
implicit conversion(s) through the virtual
mechanism ?.

#include <iostream>

class EventBase
{
protected:
int m_flags;
public:
enum // event flags
{
EF_AUDIBLE = 1,
EF_VISIBLE = 2
};

EventBase()
: m_flags(0)
{}

virtual ~EventBase() {}

int flags() const
{
return m_flags;
}

virtual void CheckCondition( const int& N ) = 0;
};

class EventAudible : virtual public EventBase
{
public:
EventAudible()
{
m_flags |= EF_AUDIBLE;
}

void do_audible_thing()
{
std::cout << "audible thing\n";
}
};

class EventVisible : virtual public EventBase
{
public:
EventVisible()
{
m_flags |= EF_VISIBLE;
}

void do_visible_thing()
{
std::cout << "visible thing\n";
}
};

class EventPlayerFiresWeapon : public EventAudible, public EventVisible
{
public:
void CheckCondition( const int& flags )
{
if( flags & EF_AUDIBLE )
do_audible_thing();
}
Unfortunately, if I do it like this, I'll end up with a bunch of code in
every event class checking whether it's audible or visible, or <blah-ible>.
Ideally, nothing within the event classes themselves should need to know
whether they're audible or visible, it only really matters to the event
manager, which notifies nearby entities when an event occurs. That way, the
event information (what happened, where it happened, how loud it was, what
to do in response to it, etc.) is kept separate from the notification
process. In other words, adding new events becomes a simple matter of
writing a constructor and overloading the response action member function
for each event. Simply deriving an event from EventAudible or EventVisible
ensures that nearby entities are notified appropriately.

To my mind, the above way of doing things seems appealing, but unfortunately
I can't find a (nice) way of doing it without casting. Any thoughts?

Cheers,

Stuart.
};

int main()
{
EventBase *pBase = new EventPlayerFiresWeapon;
pBase -> CheckCondition( pBase -> flags() );

delete pBase;

return 0;
}

You get the idea <g>.

Cheers.
Chris Val

[Chris \( Val \)]

"Stuart Golodetz" <sg*******@dial.pipex.com> wrote in message
news:3f*********************@news.dial.pipex.com.. .
| "Chris ( Val )" <ch******@bigpond.com.au> wrote in message
| news:bi************@ID-110726.news.uni-berlin.de...
| >
| > "Stuart Golodetz" <sg*******@dial.pipex.com> wrote in message
| > news:3f*********************@news.dial.pipex.com.. .
| > | "Rolf Magnus" <ra******@t-online.de> wrote in message
| > | news:bi*************@news.t-online.com...

[snip]

Hi Stuart.

| > class EventPlayerFiresWeapon : public EventAudible, public EventVisible
| > {
| > public:
| > void CheckCondition( const int& flags )
| > {
| > if( flags & EF_AUDIBLE )
| > do_audible_thing();
| > }
|
| Unfortunately, if I do it like this, I'll end up with a bunch of code in
| every event class checking whether it's audible or visible, or <blah-ible>.
| Ideally, nothing within the event classes themselves should need to know
| whether they're audible or visible, it only really matters to the event
| manager, which notifies nearby entities when an event occurs. That way, the
| event information (what happened, where it happened, how loud it was, what
| to do in response to it, etc.) is kept separate from the notification
| process. In other words, adding new events becomes a simple matter of
| writing a constructor and overloading the response action member function
| for each event. Simply deriving an event from EventAudible or EventVisible
| ensures that nearby entities are notified appropriately.
|
| To my mind, the above way of doing things seems appealing, but unfortunately
| I can't find a (nice) way of doing it without casting. Any thoughts?

Unfortunately, I don't know of any other way to do what you want, and I
still think that a careful design with virtual functions is the best way,
as opposed to downcasting.

But if you're going to downcast, you should at least check that
it succeeded, by checking the return value :-):

if( flags & EventBase::EF_AUDIBLE )
{
EventAudible* p = dynamic_cast<EventAudible*>( pBase );

if( p )
p -> do_audible_thing();
}

Cheers.
Chris Val