unsigned to signed integer convesion

[junky_fellow]

How the unsigned to signed integet conversion is done ?
For eg:

unsigned int ui = 100;
int si = ui;

What will be the value if "si" is printed ? How this conversion
is done ?

Thanx for any help in advance ....

[Robert Gamble]

ju**********@yahoo.co.in wrote:

How the unsigned to signed integet conversion is done ?
For eg:

unsigned int ui = 100;
int si = ui;

What will be the value if "si" is printed ? How this conversion
is done ?

si will be 100, the value of ui is converted to the type of si (signed
int) and the result is stored in si. If the value of ui is larger than
INT_MAX (which it isn't in this case), overflow will occur during this
conversion process resulting in undefined behavior.

Robert Gamble

[Keith Thompson]

ju**********@yahoo.co.in writes:

How the unsigned to signed integet conversion is done ?
C99 6.3.1.3:

When a value with integer type is converted to another integer
type other than _Bool, if the value can be represented by the new
type, it is unchanged.

Otherwise, if the new type is unsigned, the value is converted by
repeatedly adding or subtracting one more than the maximum value
that can be represented in the new type until the value is in the
range of the new type. (Footnote: The rules describe arithmetic
on the mathematical value, not the value of a given type of
expression.)

Otherwise, the new type is signed and the value cannot be
represented in it; either the result is implementation-defined or
an implementation-defined signal is raised.
For eg:

unsigned int ui = 100;
int si = ui;

What will be the value if "si" is printed ? How this conversion
is done ?

Since both unsigned int and int are guaranteed to be able to represent
the value 100, the value of si will be 100.

--
Keith Thompson (The_Other_Keith) ks***@mib.org <http://www.ghoti.net/~kst>
San Diego Supercomputer Center <*> <http://users.sdsc.edu/~kst>
We must do something. This is something. Therefore, we must do this.

[Keith Thompson]

"Robert Gamble" <rg*******@gmail.com> writes:

ju**********@yahoo.co.in wrote:

How the unsigned to signed integet conversion is done ?
For eg:

unsigned int ui = 100;
int si = ui;

What will be the value if "si" is printed ? How this conversion
is done ?

si will be 100, the value of ui is converted to the type of si (signed
int) and the result is stored in si. If the value of ui is larger than
INT_MAX (which it isn't in this case), overflow will occur during this
conversion process resulting in undefined behavior.

No, the rules for conversions are different from the rules for
arithmetic operators.

When converting a signed or unsigned type to an unsigned type,
the result is well-defined (it wraps around).

When converting a signed or unsigned type to an unsigned type, if the
result can't be represented, either the result is
implementation-defined or an implementation-defined signal is raised.
No nasal demons are allowed.

See my other response in this thread for the standard's definition.

--
Keith Thompson (The_Other_Keith) ks***@mib.org <http://www.ghoti.net/~kst>
San Diego Supercomputer Center <*> <http://users.sdsc.edu/~kst>
We must do something. This is something. Therefore, we must do this.

[Eric Sosman]

Keith Thompson wrote:

"Robert Gamble" <rg*******@gmail.com> writes:

ju**********@yahoo.co.in wrote:

How the unsigned to signed integet conversion is done ?
For eg:

unsigned int ui = 100;
int si = ui;

What will be the value if "si" is printed ? How this conversion
is done ?

si will be 100, the value of ui is converted to the type of si (signed
int) and the result is stored in si. If the value of ui is larger than
INT_MAX (which it isn't in this case), overflow will occur during this
conversion process resulting in undefined behavior.

No, the rules for conversions are different from the rules for
arithmetic operators.

When converting a signed or unsigned type to an unsigned type,
the result is well-defined (it wraps around).

When converting a signed or unsigned type to an unsigned type, if the
result can't be represented, either the result is
implementation-defined or an implementation-defined signal is raised.
No nasal demons are allowed.

The conversion doesn't yield undefined behavior, but
it yields something very nearly as good (if that's the right
word). The raising of the implementation-defined signal is
the moment when the behavior becomes if not undefined at least
unreliable. It's up to the implementation whether the signal
is treated as if with SIG_IGN or SIG_DFL; it's also up to the
implementation just what's involved in SIG_DFL for each signal.
If you install a handler, things *do* become undefined:

7.14.1.1/3
[...] If and when the function returns, if the value
of sig is [any] value corresponding to a computational
exception, the behavior is undefined; [...]

So the only way to handle the signal without invoking U.B. is
to terminate the program by calling abort() or _Exit() in the
handler. The signal is fatal unless it is SIG_IGN'ed (if the
implementation permits it) or SIG_DFL'ed with an implementation-
defined handling that itself isn't fatal.

So, yes: You're right, and the behavior is not undefined
unless a signal handler tries to return. But that's a bit
like the observation that falling from atop a forty-story
building won't hurt you -- the fall is harmless, but watch
out for that sudden stop at the bottom ...

--

[Alexei A. Frounze]

<ju**********@yahoo.co.in> wrote in message
news:11*********************@o13g2000cwo.googlegro ups.com...

How the unsigned to signed integet conversion is done ?
For eg:

unsigned int ui = 100;
int si = ui;

What will be the value if "si" is printed ? How this conversion
is done ?

Thanx for any help in advance ....

There's one more problem related to what's being discussed in "find out the
problem" by me and others...
It's all about the conversion.
Shamefully, but I had to fix a few bugs in my recent code... The code was
something like this:

typedef uint unsigned int;

void drawlineh (int x, int y, uint len, uint color)
{
if (x+len < 0)
return;
// the rest of code that's properly working...
}

The problem is that x gets converted to unsigned int in the expression
"x+len" and hence for negative x I wouldn't have the desired return from the
function.
This is really an annoying feature of C... The only way to make it work w/o
changing the API (i.e. making len of type int too) is to do a cast:

if (x+(int)len < 0)
return;

That makes me love asm more and more. Asm is the simplest programming
language ever -- I always know what the code does and I know that for all
bugs and problems it's me to blame. :) But C is such a wonderful creature,
no surprise so many people get it all wrong. They have always been getting
it wrong and they continue to do so. At times it's so counter intuitive for
an HLL. And it seems like most (or all) the books on C that I had in the
past never really described all this conversion well. I don't know if recent
do (now's the time to get it right finally!), but these days I always check
either in the standard or in the code if there's a doubt about something.
Thankfully, I'm not writing bad code for I know many things outside the C
scope... I don't wonder now that I should declare a variable before using it
(Hello Basic, matlab, etc users!:), I don't wonder now about the range and
precision of fixed and floating point things, etc etc.

If I were to change C, I'd change the conversions/promotions to be more
math-like, not C-like. But that's not going to happen anytime soon. Sigh.

Alex

[Old Wolf]

Alexei A. Frounze wrote:

if (x+len < 0)
return;

The problem is that x gets converted to unsigned int in the expression
"x+len" and hence for negative x I wouldn't have the desired return from the
function.
This is really an annoying feature of C... The only way to make it work w/o
changing the API (i.e. making len of type int too) is to do a cast:

if (x+(int)len < 0)
return;
What if len > INT_MAX ?
That makes me love asm more and more. Asm is the simplest programming
language ever -- I always know what the code does and I know that for all
bugs and problems it's me to blame. :)

So how would you compare -2000000000 and [phone] in ASM,
without something at least as complicated as you would do in C ?

[Alexei A. Frounze]

"Old Wolf" <ol*****@inspire.net.nz> wrote in message
news:11**********************@o13g2000cwo.googlegr oups.com...

Alexei A. Frounze wrote:

if (x+len < 0)
return;

The problem is that x gets converted to unsigned int in the expression
"x+len" and hence for negative x I wouldn't have the desired return from the function.
This is really an annoying feature of C... The only way to make it work w/o changing the API (i.e. making len of type int too) is to do a cast:

if (x+(int)len < 0)
return;

What if len > INT_MAX ?

Right. And using long would help neither on msvc++ nor on gcc on x86.
int=long there. Only long long would do, but I guess it would be _int64 or
something in terms of m$.

That makes me love asm more and more. Asm is the simplest programming
language ever -- I always know what the code does and I know that for all bugs and problems it's me to blame. :)

So how would you compare -2000000000 and [phone] in ASM,
without something at least as complicated as you would do in C ?

At least I would know about it for sure, w/o special books and standards :)

Am I the only who feels uncomfortable with certain aspects of C? Or is there
anyone who understands a bit of my concerns?

Alex

[Chris Croughton]

On Tue, 9 Aug 2005 00:44:30 +0400, Alexei A. Frounze
<al*****@chat.ru> wrote:

Shamefully, but I had to fix a few bugs in my recent code... The code was
something like this:

typedef uint unsigned int;

void drawlineh (int x, int y, uint len, uint color)
{
if (x+len < 0)
return;
// the rest of code that's properly working...
}

The problem is that x gets converted to unsigned int in the expression
"x+len" and hence for negative x I wouldn't have the desired return from the
function.
Several popular compilers will warn you about that if you enable
warnings, because the condition can never be true so the statements
after it are unreachable.
This is really an annoying feature of C... The only way to make it work w/o
changing the API (i.e. making len of type int too) is to do a cast:

if (x+(int)len < 0)
return;
If that's what you mean then do it -- but if len is larger than MAXINT
it will have undefined effect so you need to check for that first.
That makes me love asm more and more. Asm is the simplest programming
language ever -- I always know what the code does and I know that for all
bugs and problems it's me to blame. :)
And is totally non-portable. Even between assemblers for the same
platform.
But C is such a wonderful creature,
no surprise so many people get it all wrong. They have always been getting
it wrong and they continue to do so. At times it's so counter intuitive for
an HLL.
But different people find different parts of it counter-intuitive,
that's the problem, and same is true for all other programming
languages. Including asssembler.

NOT R1
BIC R1, R0

instead of

AND R1, R0

And many other oddities which only make sense if you know a particular
processor in detail.
And it seems like most (or all) the books on C that I had in the
past never really described all this conversion well. I don't know if recent
do (now's the time to get it right finally!), but these days I always check
either in the standard or in the code if there's a doubt about something.
Yup. At least the C standard is clearer than the C++ standard...
Thankfully, I'm not writing bad code for I know many things outside the C
scope... I don't wonder now that I should declare a variable before using it
(Hello Basic, matlab, etc users!:), I don't wonder now about the range and
precision of fixed and floating point things, etc etc.

If I were to change C, I'd change the conversions/promotions to be more
math-like, not C-like. But that's not going to happen anytime soon. Sigh.

And would confuse many more. C was written for systems programmers,
largely, and so was designed tro do what you told it and nothing more.
So if you want to do some conversions other than the default, you do
them. C is not designed for mathematics (try FORTRAN -- "FORmula
TRANslation"), so you get 1/2 == 0 because that is what is expected in
integer arithmetic even though it isn't in mathematics, and if you then
assign the result to a floating point variable it sets it to zero.

It's certainly not perfect, at least one of the original authors of the
language has admitted that the precedence of some of the operators was
wrong, but there is by now no chance of changing it because there is too
much code which depends on it. Just as with natural language, we can't
just change English spelling to something more lojikal at a wim, evn tho
sum pepl hav trid to do that. Except it's worse with computer languages
because you can probably understand what I wrote where a compiler
can't...

(And yes, I know that the Cyrillic alphabet did have several letters
removed as an act of the government, but that can only be done when the
government can say that all books in the previous script have to be
replaced and be obeyed...)

Chris C

[Keith Thompson]

"Alexei A. Frounze" <al*****@chat.ru> writes:

"Old Wolf" <ol*****@inspire.net.nz> wrote in message
news:11**********************@o13g2000cwo.googlegr oups.com... [...]

So how would you compare -2000000000 and [phone] in ASM,
without something at least as complicated as you would do in C ?

At least I would know about it for sure, w/o special books and standards :)

There are no special books for assembly language?
Am I the only who feels uncomfortable with certain aspects of C? Or is there
anyone who understands a bit of my concerns?

I'd be suspicious of anyone who *wasn't* uncomfortable with some
aspects of C. K&R themselves (or at least K and/or R) have expressed
misgivings about some of the design choices.

--
Keith Thompson (The_Other_Keith) ks***@mib.org <http://www.ghoti.net/~kst>
San Diego Supercomputer Center <*> <http://users.sdsc.edu/~kst>
We must do something. This is something. Therefore, we must do this.

[CBFalconer]

"Alexei A. Frounze" wrote:

.... snip ...
Shamefully, but I had to fix a few bugs in my recent code... The
code was something like this:

typedef uint unsigned int;

void drawlineh (int x, int y, uint len, uint color)
{
if (x+len < 0)
return;
// the rest of code that's properly working...
}

The problem is that x gets converted to unsigned int in the
expression "x+len" and hence for negative x I wouldn't have the
desired return from the function.

You can eliminate any positive values of x in the first place:

if ((x < 0) && (-x < len)) return;
else {
...
}

--
Chuck F (cb********@yahoo.com) (cb********@worldnet.att.net)
Available for consulting/temporary embedded and systems.
<http://cbfalconer.home.att.net> USE worldnet address!

[Lawrence Kirby]

On Tue, 09 Aug 2005 00:56:12 +0000, CBFalconer wrote:

"Alexei A. Frounze" wrote:

... snip ...

Shamefully, but I had to fix a few bugs in my recent code... The
code was something like this:

typedef uint unsigned int;

void drawlineh (int x, int y, uint len, uint color)
{
if (x+len < 0)
return;
// the rest of code that's properly working...
}

The problem is that x gets converted to unsigned int in the
expression "x+len" and hence for negative x I wouldn't have the
desired return from the function.

You can eliminate any positive values of x in the first place:

if ((x < 0) && (-x < len)) return;
else {
...
}

That could still fail i.e. when x < -INT_MAX. Try

if ((x < 0) && (x+len >= len)) return;

This assumes that x+len isn't mathematically greater than UINT_MAX as does
the original.

Small challenge: when could x+len == len ? The code rules out x==0.

Lawrence

[Peter Nilsson]

Lawrence Kirby wrote:

CBFalconer wrote:

"Alexei A. Frounze" wrote:

...
typedef uint unsigned int;

void drawlineh (int x, int y, uint len, uint color)
{
if (x+len < 0)
return;
if ((x < 0) && (-x < len)) return;

That could still fail i.e. when x < -INT_MAX. Try

if ((x < 0) && (x+len >= len)) return;

This assumes that x+len isn't mathematically greater than UINT_MAX

Not sure what you mean here since, if x is negative and len is
positive,
then x+len can't 'mathematically' be greater than len, let alone
UINT_MAX.
as does the original.
Small challenge: when could x+len == len ? The code rules out x==0.

Spoiler: When x is INT_MIN, len = 0, and INT_MIN == 0u.

The last condition occurs when...

INT_MAX == UINT_MAX && INT_MIN == -INT_MAX - 1

I.e. a twos complement system where the most negative int value is not
a trap representation, and the sign bit of an int is a padding bit in
the unsigned int representation.

--
Peter

[Giorgos Keramidas]

"Alexei A. Frounze" <al*****@chat.ru> writes:

There's one more problem related to what's being discussed in "find
out the problem" by me and others... It's all about the conversion.
Shamefully, but I had to fix a few bugs in my recent code... The code
was something like this:

typedef uint unsigned int;
I guess you meant ``typedef unsigned int uint'' here.
void drawlineh (int x, int y, uint len, uint color)
{
if (x+len < 0)
return;
// the rest of code that's properly working...
} The problem is that x gets converted to unsigned int in the expression
"x+len" and hence for negative x I wouldn't have the desired return
from the function. This is really an annoying feature of C... The
only way to make it work w/o changing the API (i.e. making len of type
int too) is to do a cast:

if (x+(int)len < 0)
return;

Unfortunately, then there are cases when you lose precision; i.e. when
INT_MAX < UINT_MAX, which is usually the case (at least, on all the
machines I've worked with).

[Dave Thompson]

On Mon, 8 Aug 2005 23:32:34 +0100, Chris Croughton
<ch***@keristor.net> wrote:

On Tue, 9 Aug 2005 00:44:30 +0400, Alexei A. Frounze
<al*****@chat.ru> wrote: <snip> But different people find different parts of [assembly] counter-intuitive,
that's the problem, and same is true for all other programming
languages. Including asssembler.

NOT R1
BIC R1, R0

instead of

AND R1, R0

And many other oddities which only make sense if you know a particular
processor in detail.

The only ISA I know with BIC is PDP-11, in which case the first insn
should be _COM_.

But on the PDP-8 (except models with EAE) you had AND but not IOR (or
XOR/EOR) so had to construct it with something like:
CLA ; clear accumulator (can omit in some cases where known clear)
TAD x ; 2sComplement add, the only kind available
AND y
CIA ; 1sComplement then increment accumulator = 2sC negate
TAD x
TAD y
; x plus y minus (x and y) = x ior y

or x plus y minus 2 times (x and y) = x xor y
(where the 2 times can be done using rotate-left)

<snip>

If I were to change C, I'd change the conversions/promotions to be more
math-like, not C-like. But that's not going to happen anytime soon. Sigh.

And would confuse many more. C was written for systems programmers,
largely, and so was designed tro do what you told it and nothing more.
So if you want to do some conversions other than the default, you do
them. C is not designed for mathematics (try FORTRAN -- "FORmula
TRANslation"), so you get 1/2 == 0 because that is what is expected in
integer arithmetic even though it isn't in mathematics, and if you then
assign the result to a floating point variable it sets it to zero.

Although FORTRAN is the same here -- type of a (sub)expression
including a literal is independent of context. In fact 3 / 4 gives 0
is probably as frequently asked (relatively) on comp.lang.fortran as
here, although dblvar = 3.1415926536 ! loses precision is more
frequent, since floating literals default to single precision in Ftn
not double as in C, and _some_ Ftn compilers "helpfully" fix this in
_some_ (simpler) cases whereas I have heard of no C compilers that do.
- David.Thompson1 at worldnet.att.net

[Alexei A. Frounze]

"Chris Croughton" <ch***@keristor.net> wrote in message
news:sl******************@ccserver.keris.net...

On Tue, 9 Aug 2005 00:44:30 +0400, Alexei A. Frounze
<al*****@chat.ru> wrote:

Shamefully, but I had to fix a few bugs in my recent code... The code was something like this:

typedef uint unsigned int;

void drawlineh (int x, int y, uint len, uint color)
{
if (x+len < 0)
return;
// the rest of code that's properly working...
}

The problem is that x gets converted to unsigned int in the expression
"x+len" and hence for negative x I wouldn't have the desired return from the function.
Several popular compilers will warn you about that if you enable
warnings, because the condition can never be true so the statements
after it are unreachable.

This is really an annoying feature of C... The only way to make it work w/o changing the API (i.e. making len of type int too) is to do a cast:

if (x+(int)len < 0)
return;

If that's what you mean then do it -- but if len is larger than MAXINT
it will have undefined effect so you need to check for that first.

Yep. The ugly thing gets in.

That makes me love asm more and more. Asm is the simplest programming
language ever -- I always know what the code does and I know that for all bugs and problems it's me to blame. :)

And is totally non-portable. Even between assemblers for the same
platform.

True, but for an experienced programmer such as I am, converting most of the
source between TASM, MASM, NASM, (G)AS, etc etc, isn't a problem, rather a
straightforward excersize.

But C is such a wonderful creature,
no surprise so many people get it all wrong. They have always been getting it wrong and they continue to do so. At times it's so counter intuitive for an HLL.

But different people find different parts of it counter-intuitive,
that's the problem, and same is true for all other programming
languages. Including asssembler.

NOT R1
BIC R1, R0

instead of

AND R1, R0

While I understand what NOT and AND usually mean and do, BIC isn't in my
vocabulary. What is it? BIt Clear, clears the specified pattern of bits?
I'm not sure I see the point here other than doing essentially the same
thing two slightly different ways.
And many other oddities which only make sense if you know a particular
processor in detail.
That's fine :)

If I were to change C, I'd change the conversions/promotions to be more
math-like, not C-like. But that's not going to happen anytime soon.

Sigh.
And would confuse many more. C was written for systems programmers,
largely, and so was designed tro do what you told it and nothing more.
That's how every language and machine work. All errors are commited by the
engineers because when they fail translate the idea/algorithm into machine
language. I don't see a problem here. Actually, having both signed and
unsigned integer types in any language would be that "more" thing as most
CPUs don't differentiate the two, it's not needed in 2's complemented
addition, subtraction, comparison... The CPU simply sets/clears the carry
and overflow flags and it is the programmer to give the meaning to these
flags and sign bits. The sign starts matter when we do conversion to longer
types (as it needs replication) and in multiply/divide/modulo operations.
The rest, the bit logic, is the bit logic, it shouldn't and doesn't care
about the meanings of the MSBits.
So if you want to do some conversions other than the default, you do
them. C is not designed for mathematics (try FORTRAN -- "FORmula
TRANslation"), so you get 1/2 == 0 because that is what is expected in
integer arithmetic even though it isn't in mathematics, and if you then
assign the result to a floating point variable it sets it to zero.
That's fine. Actually, any decent mathematicion must understand this.
It's certainly not perfect, at least one of the original authors of the
language has admitted that the precedence of some of the operators was
wrong,
like in:
if (a & b == c) {}
?
:)
but there is by now no chance of changing it because there is too
much code which depends on it. Just as with natural language, we can't
just change English spelling to something more lojikal at a wim, evn tho
sum pepl hav trid to do that.
Wel, if ju rimuv ol thi unnidid nd komplikeitid stuf from thi langwidj, it'l
bicum unridbl. Or turn in to something closer to, say, German. :)
Except it's worse with computer languages
because you can probably understand what I wrote where a compiler
can't...
Ah stupid compilers... :) There's a joke in our company... Q: how to make
such code, adding to which -10 dB of noise (or 32% of errors/bugs:), would
still compile and work properly?
(And yes, I know that the Cyrillic alphabet did have several letters
removed as an act of the government, but that can only be done when the
government can say that all books in the previous script have to be
replaced and be obeyed...)

If that was done to English, the world would benefit. But it can't be done
because the price would IMO be even bigger contextuality. Currently, at
least the spellings of different things are different. Can't imagine they
would be identical. The whole language would need changes.

Alex

[Alexei A. Frounze]

"Keith Thompson" <ks***@mib.org> wrote in message
news:ln************@nuthaus.mib.org...

"Alexei A. Frounze" <al*****@chat.ru> writes:

"Old Wolf" <ol*****@inspire.net.nz> wrote in message
news:11**********************@o13g2000cwo.googlegr oups.com... [...]

So how would you compare -2000000000 and [phone] in ASM,
without something at least as complicated as you would do in C ?

At least I would know about it for sure, w/o special books and standards :)
There are no special books for assembly language?

There are. But there you know what you're dealing with. But C appears to
most easy, at least at first glance. And that's a dangerous imagination that
leads to bugs, since at first many wouldn't go into such subtle details and
would either omit the important parts or not even have them in the C book at
all, which is no surprise to me now. There used to be plenty of bad writers.
Am I the only who feels uncomfortable with certain aspects of C? Or is there anyone who understands a bit of my concerns?

I'd be suspicious of anyone who *wasn't* uncomfortable with some
aspects of C. K&R themselves (or at least K and/or R) have expressed
misgivings about some of the design choices.

:) That gives me some confidence.

Alex

[Alexei A. Frounze]

"CBFalconer" <cb********@yahoo.com> wrote in message
news:42***************@yahoo.com...

"Alexei A. Frounze" wrote:

....

typedef uint unsigned int;

void drawlineh (int x, int y, uint len, uint color)
{
if (x+len < 0)
return;
// the rest of code that's properly working...
}

The problem is that x gets converted to unsigned int in the
expression "x+len" and hence for negative x I wouldn't have the
desired return from the function.

You can eliminate any positive values of x in the first place:

if ((x < 0) && (-x < len)) return;
else {
...
}

No, both negative and non-negative values are allowed for x, and len can be
any positive or 0.
That's exactly what I expect them to be. But I see what you mean...
(x+len < 0) can be transformed in two cases:
x >= 0: the original condition is always false
x < 0: the original condition can be turned into:
((x < 0) && (-x > len))
You put the wrong inequality sign (because (x+len<0) is equivalent to
(len<-x) -- you get it by subtracting x from both sides).

OK, this one is definetely better, though not ideal anyway. :)

Alex

[Alexei A. Frounze]

"Giorgos Keramidas" <ke******@ceid.upatras.gr> wrote in message
news:86************@gothmog.gr...

"Alexei A. Frounze" <al*****@chat.ru> writes:

....

typedef uint unsigned int;

I guess you meant ``typedef unsigned int uint'' here.

Sure.

void drawlineh (int x, int y, uint len, uint color)
{
if (x+len < 0)
return;
// the rest of code that's properly working...
}

The problem is that x gets converted to unsigned int in the expression
"x+len" and hence for negative x I wouldn't have the desired return
from the function. This is really an annoying feature of C... The
only way to make it work w/o changing the API (i.e. making len of type
int too) is to do a cast:

if (x+(int)len < 0)
return;

Unfortunately, then there are cases when you lose precision; i.e. when
INT_MAX < UINT_MAX, which is usually the case (at least, on all the
machines I've worked with).

As long as the above condition (after fixing it) tests correctly, there
should be no loss of any precision.

Alex

[Alexei A. Frounze]

"Dave Thompson" <da*************@worldnet.att.net> wrote in message
news:hq********************************@4ax.com...
....

The only ISA I know with BIC is PDP-11, in which case the first insn
should be _COM_.

But on the PDP-8 (except models with EAE) you had AND but not IOR (or
XOR/EOR) so had to construct it with something like:
CLA ; clear accumulator (can omit in some cases where known clear)
TAD x ; 2sComplement add, the only kind available
AND y
CIA ; 1sComplement then increment accumulator = 2sC negate
TAD x
TAD y
; x plus y minus (x and y) = x ior y

or x plus y minus 2 times (x and y) = x xor y
(where the 2 times can be done using rotate-left)

(x | y) == ~((~x) & (~y))
and:
(x & y) == ~((~x) | (~y))
which was named after De Morgan, if I'm not mistaken.
and
(x ^ y) == ((~x)&y) | (x&(~y)) ==
[
((~x)&y) == ~(x|(~y))
(x&(~y)) == ~((~x)|y)
]
== (~(x|(~y))) | (~((~x)|y)) through ORs and inversion only
or
== ~((~(~x)&y)) & (~(x&(~y))) through ANDs and inversion only

Indeed, one may use addition/subtraction to convert between &, |, and ^:
x+y == (x&y)+(x|y)
and it's easy to see the correctness of the above: if at a given bit
position the bits of x and y aren't both ones, the above is obviosly true:
(0&1)+(0|1)==1, (0&0)+(0|0)==0. If they're both ones, then (1&1)+(1|1)==1+1.
It should not be hard to prove the form with exclusive OR too:
x+y == 2*(x&y)+(x^y). It's easy to see that (x&y)+(x^y) is identical to
(x&y)+(x|y), when the bits of x and y at the same bit position aren't both
ones. If they are both ones, a compensation is due. And it can be made by
adding another (x&y) term.
And, of course, it's easy to see that (x&y)+(x^y) == x|y.

Alex