How to decrease audio level

I wrote an application and I want to decrease "system's" audio level .I dont
want to do it via directshow must do it on directly window's wave volume
control.
Thankse

Nov 16 '05 #1

Subscribe Post Reply

5108

Arne Janning

b wrote:

I wrote an application and I want to decrease "system's" audio level .I dont
want to do it via directshow must do it on directly window's wave volume
control.

Hi b,

a better variant of the code originally posted by ar***@caramail.com:

using System;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;

public class AudioMixerHelper
{
public const int MMSYSERR_NOERROR = 0;
public const int MAXPNAMELEN = 32;
public const int MIXER_LONG_NAME_CHARS = 64;
public const int MIXER_SHORT_NAME_CHARS = 16;
public const int MIXER_GETLINEINFOF_COMPONENTTYPE = 0x3;
public const int MIXER_GETCONTROLDETAILSF_VALUE = 0x0;
public const int MIXER_GETLINECONTROLSF_ONEBYTYPE = 0x2;
public const int MIXER_SETCONTROLDETAILSF_VALUE = 0x0;
public const int MIXERLINE_COMPONENTTYPE_DST_FIRST = 0x0;
public const int MIXERLINE_COMPONENTTYPE_SRC_FIRST = 0x1000;
public const int MIXERLINE_COMPONENTTYPE_DST_SPEAKERS =
(MIXERLINE_COMPONENTTYPE_DST_FIRST + 4);
public const int MIXERLINE_COMPONENTTYPE_SRC_MICROPHONE =
(MIXERLINE_COMPONENTTYPE_SRC_FIRST + 3);
public const int MIXERLINE_COMPONENTTYPE_SRC_LINE =
(MIXERLINE_COMPONENTTYPE_SRC_FIRST + 2);
public const int MIXERCONTROL_CT_CLASS_FADER = 0x50000000;
public const int MIXERCONTROL_CT_UNITS_UNSIGNED = 0x30000;
public const int MIXERCONTROL_CONTROLTYPE_FADER =
(MIXERCONTROL_CT_CLASS_FADER | MIXERCONTROL_CT_UNITS_UNSIGNED);
public const int MIXERCONTROL_CONTROLTYPE_VOLUME =
(MIXERCONTROL_CONTROLTYPE_FADER + 1);

[DllImport("winmm.dll", CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
private static extern int mixerClose (int hmx);
[DllImport("winmm.dll", CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
private static extern int mixerGetControlDetailsA (int hmxobj,ref
MIXERCONTROLDETAILS pmxcd , int fdwDetails);
[DllImport("winmm.dll", CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
private static extern int mixerGetDevCapsA(int uMxId, MIXERCAPS
pmxcaps, int cbmxcaps);
[DllImport("winmm.dll", CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
private static extern int mixerGetID (int hmxobj, int pumxID, int
fdwId);
[DllImport("winmm.dll", CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
private static extern int mixerGetLineControlsA (int hmxobj,ref
MIXERLINECONTROLS pmxlc, int fdwControls);
[DllImport("winmm.dll", CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
private static extern int mixerGetLineInfoA (int hmxobj,ref
MIXERLINE pmxl , int fdwInfo);
[DllImport("winmm.dll", CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
private static extern int mixerGetNumDevs();
[DllImport("winmm.dll", CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
private static extern int mixerMessage(int hmx , int uMsg , int
dwParam1 , int dwParam2);
[DllImport("winmm.dll", CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
private static extern int mixerOpen (out int phmx , int uMxId ,
int dwCallback , int dwInstance , int fdwOpen);
[DllImport("winmm.dll", CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
private static extern int mixerSetControlDetails(int hmxobj ,ref
MIXERCONTROLDETAILS pmxcd , int fdwDetails);

public struct MIXERCAPS
{
public int wMid;
public int wPid;
public int vDriverVersion;
[MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValTStr, SizeConst=MAXPNAMELEN)]
public string szPname;
public int fdwSupport;
public int cDestinations;
}

public struct MIXERCONTROL
{
public int cbStruct;
public int dwControlID;
public int dwControlType;
public int fdwControl;
public int cMultipleItems;
[MarshalAs( UnmanagedType.ByValTStr,
SizeConst=MIXER_SHORT_NAME_CHARS)]
public string szShortName ;
[MarshalAs( UnmanagedType.ByValTStr,
SizeConst=MIXER_LONG_NAME_CHARS)]
public string szName;
public int lMinimum;
public int lMaximum;
[MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.U4, SizeConst=10)]
public int reserved;
}

public struct MIXERCONTROLDETAILS
{
public int cbStruct;
public int dwControlID;
public int cChannels;
public int item;
public int cbDetails;
public IntPtr paDetails;
}

public struct MIXERCONTROLDETAILS_UNSIGNED
{
public int dwValue;
}

public struct MIXERLINE
{
public int cbStruct;
public int dwDestination;
public int dwSource;
public int dwLineID;
public int fdwLine;
public int dwUser;
public int dwComponentType;
public int cChannels;
public int cConnections;
public int cControls;
[MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValTStr,
SizeConst=MIXER_SHORT_NAME_CHARS)]
public string szShortName;
[MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValTStr,
SizeConst=MIXER_LONG_NAME_CHARS )]
public string szName;
public int dwType;
public int dwDeviceID;
public int wMid;
public int wPid;
public int vDriverVersion ;
[MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValTStr, SizeConst=MAXPNAMELEN)]
public string szPname ;
}

public struct MIXERLINECONTROLS
{
public int cbStruct;
public int dwLineID;

public int dwControl;
public int cControls;
public int cbmxctrl;
public IntPtr pamxctrl;
}

private static bool GetVolumeControl(int hmixer, int componentType,
int ctrlType, out MIXERCONTROL mxc, out int vCurrentVol)
{
// This function attempts to obtain a mixer control.
// Returns True if successful.
MIXERLINECONTROLS mxlc = new MIXERLINECONTROLS();
MIXERLINE mxl = new MIXERLINE();
MIXERCONTROLDETAILS pmxcd = new MIXERCONTROLDETAILS();
MIXERCONTROLDETAILS_UNSIGNED du = new
MIXERCONTROLDETAILS_UNSIGNED();
mxc = new MIXERCONTROL();
int rc;
bool retValue;
vCurrentVol = -1;

mxl.cbStruct = Marshal.SizeOf(mxl);
mxl.dwComponentType = componentType;

rc = mixerGetLineInfoA(hmixer,ref mxl,
MIXER_GETLINEINFOF_COMPONENTTYPE );

if(MMSYSERR_NOERROR == rc)
{
int sizeofMIXERCONTROL = 152;
int ctrl = Marshal.SizeOf(typeof(MIXERCONTROL));
mxlc.pamxctrl = Marshal.AllocCoTaskMem(sizeofMIXERCONTROL);
mxlc.cbStruct = Marshal.SizeOf(mxlc);
mxlc.dwLineID = mxl.dwLineID;
mxlc.dwControl = ctrlType;
mxlc.cControls = 1;
mxlc.cbmxctrl = sizeofMIXERCONTROL;

// Allocate a buffer for the control
mxc.cbStruct = sizeofMIXERCONTROL;

// Get the control
rc = mixerGetLineControlsA(hmixer,ref mxlc,
MIXER_GETLINECONTROLSF_ONEBYTYPE);

if(MMSYSERR_NOERROR == rc)
{
retValue = true;

// Copy the control into the destination structure
mxc = (MIXERCONTROL)Marshal.PtrToStructure(
mxlc.pamxctrl,typeof(MIXERCONTROL));
}
else
{
retValue = false;
}
int sizeofMIXERCONTROLDETAILS =
Marshal.SizeOf(typeof(MIXERCONTROLDETAILS));
int sizeofMIXERCONTROLDETAILS_UNSIGNED =
Marshal.SizeOf(typeof(MIXERCONTROLDETAILS_UNSIGNED ));
pmxcd.cbStruct = sizeofMIXERCONTROLDETAILS;
pmxcd.dwControlID = mxc.dwControlID;
pmxcd.paDetails =

Marshal.AllocCoTaskMem(sizeofMIXERCONTROLDETAILS_U NSIGNED) ;
pmxcd.cChannels = 1;
pmxcd.item = 0;
pmxcd.cbDetails = sizeofMIXERCONTROLDETAILS_UNSIGNED;

rc = mixerGetControlDetailsA(hmixer,ref pmxcd,
MIXER_GETCONTROLDETAILSF_VALUE);

du = (MIXERCONTROLDETAILS_UNSIGNED)Marshal.PtrToStructu re(
pmxcd.paDetails, typeof(MIXERCONTROLDETAILS_UNSIGNED));

vCurrentVol = du.dwValue;

return retValue;
}

retValue = false;
return retValue;
}

private static bool SetVolumeControl(int hmixer, MIXERCONTROL mxc,
int volume)
{
// This function sets the value for a volume control.
// Returns True if successful

bool retValue;
int rc;
MIXERCONTROLDETAILS mxcd = new MIXERCONTROLDETAILS();
MIXERCONTROLDETAILS_UNSIGNED vol = new
MIXERCONTROLDETAILS_UNSIGNED();

mxcd.item = 0;
mxcd.dwControlID = mxc.dwControlID;
mxcd.cbStruct = Marshal.SizeOf(mxcd);
mxcd.cbDetails = Marshal.SizeOf(vol);

// Allocate a buffer for the control value buffer
mxcd.cChannels = 1;
vol.dwValue = volume;

// Copy the data into the control value buffer
mxcd.paDetails = Marshal.AllocCoTaskMem(Marshal.SizeOf(
typeof(MIXERCONTROLDETAILS_UNSIGNED)));
Marshal.StructureToPtr(vol, mxcd.paDetails,false);

// Set the control value
rc = mixerSetControlDetails(hmixer,ref mxcd,
MIXER_SETCONTROLDETAILSF_VALUE);

if(MMSYSERR_NOERROR == rc)
{
retValue = true;
}
else
{
retValue = false;
} return retValue;
}

public static int GetVolume()
{
int mixer;
MIXERCONTROL volCtrl = new MIXERCONTROL();
int currentVol;
mixerOpen(out mixer,0 ,0 ,0, 0);
int type = MIXERCONTROL_CONTROLTYPE_VOLUME;
GetVolumeControl(mixer,
MIXERLINE_COMPONENTTYPE_DST_SPEAKERS,type,out volCtrl, out
currentVol);
mixerClose(mixer);

return currentVol;
}

public static void SetVolume(int vVolume)
{
int mixer;
MIXERCONTROL volCtrl = new MIXERCONTROL();
int currentVol;
mixerOpen(out mixer,0 ,0 ,0, 0);
int type = MIXERCONTROL_CONTROLTYPE_VOLUME;
GetVolumeControl(mixer,
MIXERLINE_COMPONENTTYPE_DST_SPEAKERS,type,out volCtrl, out
currentVol);
if(vVolume > volCtrl.lMaximum) vVolume = volCtrl.lMaximum;
if(vVolume < volCtrl.lMinimum) vVolume = volCtrl.lMinimum;
SetVolumeControl(mixer, volCtrl, vVolume);
GetVolumeControl(mixer,
MIXERLINE_COMPONENTTYPE_DST_SPEAKERS,type,out volCtrl, out
currentVol);
if(vVolume != currentVol)
{
throw new Exception("Cannot Set Volume");
}
mixerClose(mixer);
}
}
Usage:

private void button1_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)
{
//Display the current master volume
MessageBox.Show(AudioMixerHelper.GetVolume().ToStr ing());
//set the master volume
AudioMixerHelper.SetVolume(1000);
//Display the new volume
MessageBox.Show(AudioMixerHelper.GetVolume().ToStr ing());
}

Cheers

Arne Janning

Nov 16 '05 #2

John Young

Thank you for that code, you have just saved me a lot of time figuring it
out for myself.
I was about to ask about using the mixer controls... You must be psychic
!!! lol
--
===============================
try
{
Linux (any version)
}
catch
{
Format (mainHardDisk)
Install (Windows2000/XP/2003)
}
// You know you want to !!!

John Young
"Arne Janning" <sp*****************@msn.com> wrote in message
news:Oy**************@TK2MSFTNGP11.phx.gbl...

b wrote:
I wrote an application and I want to decrease "system's" audio level .I
dont
want to do it via directshow must do it on directly window's wave volume
control.

Hi b,

a better variant of the code originally posted by ar***@caramail.com:

using System;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;

public class AudioMixerHelper
{
public const int MMSYSERR_NOERROR = 0;
public const int MAXPNAMELEN = 32;
public const int MIXER_LONG_NAME_CHARS = 64;
public const int MIXER_SHORT_NAME_CHARS = 16;
public const int MIXER_GETLINEINFOF_COMPONENTTYPE = 0x3;
public const int MIXER_GETCONTROLDETAILSF_VALUE = 0x0;
public const int MIXER_GETLINECONTROLSF_ONEBYTYPE = 0x2;
public const int MIXER_SETCONTROLDETAILSF_VALUE = 0x0;
public const int MIXERLINE_COMPONENTTYPE_DST_FIRST = 0x0;
public const int MIXERLINE_COMPONENTTYPE_SRC_FIRST = 0x1000;
public const int MIXERLINE_COMPONENTTYPE_DST_SPEAKERS =
(MIXERLINE_COMPONENTTYPE_DST_FIRST + 4);
public const int MIXERLINE_COMPONENTTYPE_SRC_MICROPHONE =
(MIXERLINE_COMPONENTTYPE_SRC_FIRST + 3);
public const int MIXERLINE_COMPONENTTYPE_SRC_LINE =
(MIXERLINE_COMPONENTTYPE_SRC_FIRST + 2);
public const int MIXERCONTROL_CT_CLASS_FADER = 0x50000000;
public const int MIXERCONTROL_CT_UNITS_UNSIGNED = 0x30000;
public const int MIXERCONTROL_CONTROLTYPE_FADER =
(MIXERCONTROL_CT_CLASS_FADER | MIXERCONTROL_CT_UNITS_UNSIGNED);
public const int MIXERCONTROL_CONTROLTYPE_VOLUME =
(MIXERCONTROL_CONTROLTYPE_FADER + 1);

[DllImport("winmm.dll", CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
private static extern int mixerClose (int hmx);
[DllImport("winmm.dll", CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
private static extern int mixerGetControlDetailsA (int hmxobj,ref
MIXERCONTROLDETAILS pmxcd , int fdwDetails);
[DllImport("winmm.dll", CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
private static extern int mixerGetDevCapsA(int uMxId, MIXERCAPS
pmxcaps, int cbmxcaps);
[DllImport("winmm.dll", CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
private static extern int mixerGetID (int hmxobj, int pumxID, int
fdwId);
[DllImport("winmm.dll", CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
private static extern int mixerGetLineControlsA (int hmxobj,ref
MIXERLINECONTROLS pmxlc, int fdwControls);
[DllImport("winmm.dll", CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
private static extern int mixerGetLineInfoA (int hmxobj,ref
MIXERLINE pmxl , int fdwInfo);
[DllImport("winmm.dll", CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
private static extern int mixerGetNumDevs();
[DllImport("winmm.dll", CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
private static extern int mixerMessage(int hmx , int uMsg , int
dwParam1 , int dwParam2);
[DllImport("winmm.dll", CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
private static extern int mixerOpen (out int phmx , int uMxId ,
int dwCallback , int dwInstance , int fdwOpen);
[DllImport("winmm.dll", CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
private static extern int mixerSetControlDetails(int hmxobj ,ref
MIXERCONTROLDETAILS pmxcd , int fdwDetails);

public struct MIXERCAPS
{
public int wMid;
public int wPid;
public int vDriverVersion;
[MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValTStr, SizeConst=MAXPNAMELEN)]
public string szPname;
public int fdwSupport;
public int cDestinations;
}

public struct MIXERCONTROL
{
public int cbStruct;
public int dwControlID;
public int dwControlType;
public int fdwControl;
public int cMultipleItems;
[MarshalAs( UnmanagedType.ByValTStr,
SizeConst=MIXER_SHORT_NAME_CHARS)]
public string szShortName ;
[MarshalAs( UnmanagedType.ByValTStr,
SizeConst=MIXER_LONG_NAME_CHARS)]
public string szName;
public int lMinimum;
public int lMaximum;
[MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.U4, SizeConst=10)]
public int reserved;
}

public struct MIXERCONTROLDETAILS
{
public int cbStruct;
public int dwControlID;
public int cChannels;
public int item;
public int cbDetails;
public IntPtr paDetails;
}

public struct MIXERCONTROLDETAILS_UNSIGNED
{
public int dwValue;
}

public struct MIXERLINE
{
public int cbStruct;
public int dwDestination;
public int dwSource;
public int dwLineID;
public int fdwLine;
public int dwUser;
public int dwComponentType;
public int cChannels;
public int cConnections;
public int cControls;
[MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValTStr,
SizeConst=MIXER_SHORT_NAME_CHARS)]
public string szShortName;
[MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValTStr,
SizeConst=MIXER_LONG_NAME_CHARS )]
public string szName;
public int dwType;
public int dwDeviceID;
public int wMid;
public int wPid;
public int vDriverVersion ;
[MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValTStr, SizeConst=MAXPNAMELEN)]
public string szPname ;
}

public struct MIXERLINECONTROLS
{
public int cbStruct;
public int dwLineID;

public int dwControl;
public int cControls;
public int cbmxctrl;
public IntPtr pamxctrl;
}

private static bool GetVolumeControl(int hmixer, int componentType,
int ctrlType, out MIXERCONTROL mxc, out int vCurrentVol)
{
// This function attempts to obtain a mixer control.
// Returns True if successful.
MIXERLINECONTROLS mxlc = new MIXERLINECONTROLS();
MIXERLINE mxl = new MIXERLINE();
MIXERCONTROLDETAILS pmxcd = new MIXERCONTROLDETAILS();
MIXERCONTROLDETAILS_UNSIGNED du = new
MIXERCONTROLDETAILS_UNSIGNED();
mxc = new MIXERCONTROL();
int rc;
bool retValue;
vCurrentVol = -1;

mxl.cbStruct = Marshal.SizeOf(mxl);
mxl.dwComponentType = componentType;

rc = mixerGetLineInfoA(hmixer,ref mxl,
MIXER_GETLINEINFOF_COMPONENTTYPE );

if(MMSYSERR_NOERROR == rc)
{
int sizeofMIXERCONTROL = 152;
int ctrl = Marshal.SizeOf(typeof(MIXERCONTROL));
mxlc.pamxctrl = Marshal.AllocCoTaskMem(sizeofMIXERCONTROL);
mxlc.cbStruct = Marshal.SizeOf(mxlc);
mxlc.dwLineID = mxl.dwLineID;
mxlc.dwControl = ctrlType;
mxlc.cControls = 1;
mxlc.cbmxctrl = sizeofMIXERCONTROL;

// Allocate a buffer for the control
mxc.cbStruct = sizeofMIXERCONTROL;

// Get the control
rc = mixerGetLineControlsA(hmixer,ref mxlc,
MIXER_GETLINECONTROLSF_ONEBYTYPE);

if(MMSYSERR_NOERROR == rc)
{
retValue = true;

// Copy the control into the destination structure
mxc = (MIXERCONTROL)Marshal.PtrToStructure(
mxlc.pamxctrl,typeof(MIXERCONTROL));
}
else
{
retValue = false;
}
int sizeofMIXERCONTROLDETAILS =
Marshal.SizeOf(typeof(MIXERCONTROLDETAILS));
int sizeofMIXERCONTROLDETAILS_UNSIGNED =
Marshal.SizeOf(typeof(MIXERCONTROLDETAILS_UNSIGNED ));
pmxcd.cbStruct = sizeofMIXERCONTROLDETAILS;
pmxcd.dwControlID = mxc.dwControlID;
pmxcd.paDetails =

Marshal.AllocCoTaskMem(sizeofMIXERCONTROLDETAILS_U NSIGNED) ;
pmxcd.cChannels = 1;
pmxcd.item = 0;
pmxcd.cbDetails = sizeofMIXERCONTROLDETAILS_UNSIGNED;

rc = mixerGetControlDetailsA(hmixer,ref pmxcd,
MIXER_GETCONTROLDETAILSF_VALUE);

du = (MIXERCONTROLDETAILS_UNSIGNED)Marshal.PtrToStructu re(
pmxcd.paDetails, typeof(MIXERCONTROLDETAILS_UNSIGNED));

vCurrentVol = du.dwValue;

return retValue;
}

retValue = false;
return retValue;
}

private static bool SetVolumeControl(int hmixer, MIXERCONTROL mxc,
int volume)
{
// This function sets the value for a volume control.
// Returns True if successful

bool retValue;
int rc;
MIXERCONTROLDETAILS mxcd = new MIXERCONTROLDETAILS();
MIXERCONTROLDETAILS_UNSIGNED vol = new
MIXERCONTROLDETAILS_UNSIGNED();

mxcd.item = 0;
mxcd.dwControlID = mxc.dwControlID;
mxcd.cbStruct = Marshal.SizeOf(mxcd);
mxcd.cbDetails = Marshal.SizeOf(vol);

// Allocate a buffer for the control value buffer
mxcd.cChannels = 1;
vol.dwValue = volume;

// Copy the data into the control value buffer
mxcd.paDetails = Marshal.AllocCoTaskMem(Marshal.SizeOf(
typeof(MIXERCONTROLDETAILS_UNSIGNED)));
Marshal.StructureToPtr(vol, mxcd.paDetails,false);

// Set the control value
rc = mixerSetControlDetails(hmixer,ref mxcd,
MIXER_SETCONTROLDETAILSF_VALUE);

if(MMSYSERR_NOERROR == rc)
{
retValue = true;
}
else
{
retValue = false;
} return retValue;
}

public static int GetVolume()
{
int mixer;
MIXERCONTROL volCtrl = new MIXERCONTROL();
int currentVol;
mixerOpen(out mixer,0 ,0 ,0, 0);
int type = MIXERCONTROL_CONTROLTYPE_VOLUME;
GetVolumeControl(mixer,
MIXERLINE_COMPONENTTYPE_DST_SPEAKERS,type,out volCtrl, out
currentVol);
mixerClose(mixer);

return currentVol;
}

public static void SetVolume(int vVolume)
{
int mixer;
MIXERCONTROL volCtrl = new MIXERCONTROL();
int currentVol;
mixerOpen(out mixer,0 ,0 ,0, 0);
int type = MIXERCONTROL_CONTROLTYPE_VOLUME;
GetVolumeControl(mixer,
MIXERLINE_COMPONENTTYPE_DST_SPEAKERS,type,out volCtrl, out
currentVol);
if(vVolume > volCtrl.lMaximum) vVolume = volCtrl.lMaximum;
if(vVolume < volCtrl.lMinimum) vVolume = volCtrl.lMinimum;
SetVolumeControl(mixer, volCtrl, vVolume);
GetVolumeControl(mixer,
MIXERLINE_COMPONENTTYPE_DST_SPEAKERS,type,out volCtrl, out
currentVol);
if(vVolume != currentVol)
{
throw new Exception("Cannot Set Volume");
}
mixerClose(mixer);
}
}
Usage:

private void button1_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)
{
//Display the current master volume
MessageBox.Show(AudioMixerHelper.GetVolume().ToStr ing());
//set the master volume
AudioMixerHelper.SetVolume(1000);
//Display the new volume
MessageBox.Show(AudioMixerHelper.GetVolume().ToStr ing());
}

Cheers

Arne Janning

Nov 16 '05 #3

thnx a lot

Nov 16 '05 #4

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by: Hystou | last post by:

Overview: Windows 11 and 10 have less user interface control over operating system update behaviour than previous versions of Windows. In Windows 11 and 10, there is no way to turn off the Windows...

Windows Server

Discussion: How does Zigbee compare with other wireless protocols in smart home applications?

by: tracyyun | last post by:

Dear forum friends, With the development of smart home technology, a variety of wireless communication protocols have appeared on the market, such as Zigbee, Z-Wave, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, etc. Each...

General