AdriGenis:
It is quite simple
I doubt you'd be here asking for help if that were true. Let's try to avoid jumping to unwarranted conclusions. They typically lead us astray.
So, we have a very complex scenario here. One that's very rarely used I'd guess (though I doubt it's that rare as it makes sense at a very basic level). Where you're usage is different is that it seems you have an MDW file that's in use for your MDB version of Access - but not the one in use for Access 2016 - if there even is one (I expect there is one still, under the hood).
Now, if you want to use the MDB file that has MDW restricted access then you'll need to open Access with the
/wrkgrp parameter set specifically to the MDW file used for your MDB file. I hope that makes sense.
I did check that Access 2016 still supports that parameter and perhaps it doesn't, which is a real problem if true. I did check
Command-line switches for Microsoft Office products and selected Access and it wasn't listed, but it says it's not a definitive list so I suggest you try it and see. As AccDBs can still link to MDBs then it would seem important to continue to support this avenue.
Let me know if this turns out to be a limitation and I'll put an email together for the Access team to look into at Microsoft. They, or one of the other Access MVPs, may know a way around it that I don't. It's not something I work with much nowadays though I did play with MDW security back in the day.